Fig. 1.

Effect of RoEO at different concentrations (1, 2.5, and 5 ppm) on the seed germination and durum wheat seedlings phenotype. a This photo was taken eight days after sowing seeds treated with different RoEO essential oil concentrations. Effect of increasing RoEO concentrations on b germination rate, c seedling length, d fresh weight, and e total leaf area (TLA) of durum wheat seeds. Values are the means ± SE of three biological replicates. Means sharing the same letter do not significantly differ at p < 0.05. Twenty seeds were assessed for each treatment replicate