Table 1.
Differences in characteristics between the training cohort and the validation cohort.
| Variables | Total cohort (n = 236) |
Training cohort (n = 165) | Validation cohort (n = 71) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Educationalbackground (%) | 0.728 | |||
| Unschooled | 1(0.42) | 1(0.61) | 0(0.00) | |
| Primary school degree | 6(2.54) | 3(1.82) | 3(4.23) | |
| Junior high school degree | 25(10.59) | 19(11.52) | 6(8.45) | |
| Senior high school degree | 51(21.61) | 36(21.82) | 15(21.13) | |
| University degree degree | 153(64.83) | 106(64.24) | 47(66.20) | |
| Married (%) | 0.610 | |||
| No | 122(51.69) | 83(50.30) | 39(54.93) | |
| Yes | 114(48.31) | 82(49.70) | 32(45.07) | |
| Age, mean (SD), year | 28.98(7.69) | 28.98(7.56) | 29.00(8.06) | 0.982 |
| Genders (%) | 0.576 | |||
| Female | 155(65.68) | 106(64.24) | 49 (69.01) | |
| Male | 81(34.32) | 59(35.76) | 22(30.99) | |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 167.42(8.41) | 167.40(8.02) | 167.46(9.32) | 0.962 |
| Weight, mean (SD), cm | 110.27(27.72) | 111.07(27.67) | 108.39(28.01) | 0.498 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 38.93(7.52) | 39.25(7.64) | 38.21(7.24) | 0.332 |
| BMI classification (%) | 0.887 | |||
| 0(25.0-29.9) | 16(6.78) | 11(6.67) | 5(7.04) | |
| 1(30.0-34.9) | 55(23.31) | 39(23.64) | 16(22.54) | |
| 2(35.0-39.9) | 75(31.78) | 50(30.30) | 25(35.21) | |
| 3(≥ 40) | 90(38.14) | 65(39.39) | 25(35.21) | |
| Depression (%) | 0.557 | |||
| No | 227(96.19) | 160(96.97) | 67(94.37) | |
| Yes | 9(3.81) | 5(3.03) | 4(5.63) | |
| Antidepressant treatment (%) | 0.742 | |||
| No | 229(97.03) | 161(97.58) | 68(95.77) | |
| Yes | 7(2.97) | 4(2.42) | 3(4.23) | |
| Hypertension (%) | 0.961 | |||
| No | 184(77.97) | 128(77.58) | 56(78.87) | |
| Yes | 52(22.03) | 37(22.42) | 15(21.13) | |
| Hepatitis B (%) | 0.371 | |||
| No | 227(96.19) | 157(95.15) | 70(98.59) | |
| Yes | 9(3.81) | 8(4.85) | 1(1.41) | |
| Diabetes (%) | 0.560 | |||
| No | 189(80.08) | 130(78.79) | 59(83.10) | |
| Yes | 47(19.92) | 35(21.21) | 12(16.90) | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia (%) | 0.956 | |||
| No | 112(47.46) | 79(47.88) | 33(46.48) | |
| Yes | 124(52.54) | 86(52.12) | 38(53.52) | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (%) | 0.458 | |||
| No | 16(6.78) | 13(7.88) | 3(4.23) | |
| Yes | 220(93.22) | 152(92.12) | 68(95.77) | |
| Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (%) | 0.086 | |||
| No | 196(93.05) | 132(80.00) | 64(90.14) | |
| Yes | 40(16.95) | 33(20.00) | 7(9.86) | |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (%) | 0.510 | |||
| No | 200(84.75) | 142(86.06) | 58(81.69) | |
| Yes | 36(15.25) | 142(86.06) | 58(81.69) | |
| Hiatal hernia (%) | 0.806 | |||
| No | 216(91.53) | 152(92.12) | 64(90.14) | |
| Yes | 20(8.47) | 13(7.88) | 7(9.86) | |
| Helicobacter pylori (%) | 0.120 | |||
| No | 192(81.36) | 139(84.24) | 53(74.65) | |
| Yes | 44(18.64) | 26(15.76) | 18(25.35) | |
| Pepticuler (%) | 0.910 | |||
| No | 217(91.95) | 151(91.52) | 66(92.96) | |
| Yes | 19(8.05) | 14(8.48) | 5(7.04) | |
| Gastric ulcer (%) | 0.898 | |||
| No | 225(95.34) | 158(95.76) | 67(94.37) | |
| Yes | 11(4.66) | 7(4.24) | 4(5.63) | |
| Duodenal ulcers (%) | 0.477 | |||
| No | 228(96.61) | 158(95.76) | 70(98.59) | |
| Yes | 8(3.39) | 7(4.24) | 1(1.41) | |
| Gallbladder stones (%) | 1.000 | |||
| No | 217(91.95) | 152(92.12) | 65(91.55) | |
| Yes | 19(8.05) | 13(7.88) | 6(8.45) | |
| Gallbladder polyp (%) | 0.612 | |||
| No | 229 (97.03) | 159 (96.36) | 70(98.59) | |
| Yes | 7(2.97) | 6(3.64) | 1(1.41) | |
| Smoking (%) | 0.198 | |||
| No | 198(83.90) | 138(83.64) | 60(84.51) | |
| Yes | 38(16.10) | 27(16.36) | 11(15.49) | |
| Drinking (%) | 1.000 | |||
| No | 225(95.34) | 157(95.15) | 68(95.77) | |
| Yes | 11(4.66) | 8(4.85) | 3(4.23) | |
| History of abdominalsurgery (%) | 0.255 | |||
| No | 173(73.31) | 125(75.76) | 48(67.61) | |
| Yes | 63(26.69) | 40(24.24) | 23(32.39) | |
| White blood cell, mean (SD), 109/L | 8.38(2.04) | 8.39(2.05) | 8.34(2.05) | 0.865 |
| Lymphocyte, mean (SD), 109/L | 2.74(1.62) | 2.76(1.87) | 2.68(0.79) | 0.703 |
| Neutrophilic granulocyte, mean (SD), 109/L | 5.11(1.66) | 5.12(1.71) | 5.09(1.54) | 0.870 |
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/L | 142.68(16.54) | 142.70(16.29) | 142.63(17.22) | 0.977 |
| Platelet, mean (SD), 109/L | 295.01(209.17) | 299.05(246.70) | 285.63(64.56) | 0.652 |
| Fasting insulin, mean (SD), µ IU/mL | 37.78(30.35) | 36.70(25.11) | 40.27(40.06) | 0.409 |
| Fasting c-peptide, mean (SD), ng/ml | 4.56(2.26) | 4.47(2.19) | 4.76(2.42) | 0.362 |
| Total protein, mean (SD), g/L | 74.37(5.24) | 74.02(5.59) | 75.17(4.26) | 0.125 |
| Albumin, mean (SD), g/L | 43.18(3.43) | 43.00(3.51) | 43.59(3.21) | 0.228 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, mean (SD), U/L | 59.20(49.07) | 57.80(50.08) | 62.45(46.84) | 0.516 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, mean (SD), U/L | 38.04(28.22) | 37.02(27.37) | 40.42(33.17) | 0.397 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, mean (SD), U/L | 49.85(33.14) | 49.89(33.37) | 49.76(32.82) | 0.978 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, mean (SD), U/L | 82.86(25.89) | 84.07(26.38) | 80.07(24.67) | 0.278 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.81(2.11) | 5.88(2.19) | 5.65(1.93) | 0.451 |
| Total serum bilirubin, mean (SD), µmol/L | 12.65(5.48) | 12.45(5.42) | 13.11(5.62) | 0.393 |
| Direct Bilirubin, mean (SD), µmol/L | 2.57(1.75) | 2.48(1.52) | 2.79(2.18) | 0.209 |
| Total bile acid, mean (SD), µmol/L | 4.75(7.82) | 4.33(3.32) | 5.74(13.35) | 0.206 |
| Creatinine, mean (SD), µmol/L | 71.65(32.11) | 72.67(37.04) | 69.29(15.40) | 0.459 |
| Uric Acid, mean (SD) ,µmol/L | 427.91(96.60) | 426.59(95.35) | 430.96(100.05) | 0.751 |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L | 7.61(37.30) | 8.65(44.61) | 5.20(1.12) | 0.515 |
| Triglyceride, mean (SD), mmol/L | 2.04(1.57) | 2.13(1.73) | 1.84(1.12) | 0.209 |
| High density lipoprotein, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.13(0.26) | 1.12(0.26) | 1.15(0.25) | 0.418 |
| Low density lipoprotein, mean (SD), mmol/L | 3.23(0.85) | 3.22(0.82) | 3.25(0.92) | 0.839 |
| Hemoglobin A1, mean (SD),% | 8.31(1.52) | 8.35(1.51) | 8.22(1.54) | 0.551 |
| Hemoglobin A1C, mean (SD),% | 6.02(1.23) | 6.06(1.20) | 5.93(1.29) | 0.465 |
| Prothrombin time, mean (SD), s | 11.11(0.67) | 11.10(0.68) | 11.14(0.64) | 0.724 |
| Symptoms worsen | ||||
| No | 152(64.41) | 102(70.42) | 50(70.42) | 0.264 |
| Yes | 84(35.59) | 63(38.18) | 21(29.58) |