TABLE 2.
Sample characteristics of the imaging cohort.
| Measure | Non‐AHD control | ADHD | Difference p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (n datapoints) | 73 (116) | 74 (138) | – |
| Participants, count (% male) | |||
| T1 | 38 (68.4%) | 51 (66.7%) | – |
| T2 | 51 (54.9%) | 54 (79.6%) | – |
| T3 | 27 (66.7%) | 33 (72.7%) | – |
| Age, mean (SD) | |||
| T1 | 10.38 (0.46) | 10.41 (0.46) | .52 |
| T2 | 11.78 (0.53) | 11.72 (0.56) | .58 |
| T3 | 13.04 (0.51) | 13.32 (0.76) | .12 |
| Conners ADHD Index, mean (SD) | |||
| T1 | 1.82 (3.51) | 9.73 (6.34) | <.001 |
| T2 | 1.20 (1.72) | 10.37 (6.66) | <.001 |
| T3 | 0.30 (0.82) | 8.06 (7.08) | <.001 |
| Baseline internalization, count, yes (% yes) | |||
| T1 | 3 (7.9%) | 10 (20%) | – |
| T2 | 4 (7.8%) | 10 (18.9%) | – |
| T3 | 3 (11.1%) | 6 (18.2%) | – |
| Baseline externalization, count, yes (% yes) | |||
| T1 | 5 (13.2%) | 25 (50%) | – |
| T2 | 5 (9.8%) | 26 (49.1%) | – |
| T3 | 1 (3.7%) | 13 (39.4%) | – |
| SES, mean (SD) | |||
| T1 | 1025.87 (45.15) | 1018.00 (39.02) | .32 |
| T2 | 1021.69 (48.16) | 1020.06 (39.09) | .82 |
| T3 | 1018.04 (41.67) | 1018.79 (40.29) | .91 |
| Medication status, count, yes (% yes) | |||
| T1 | 1 (2.6%) | 14 (27.5%) | – |
| T2 | 0 (0%) | 18 (33.3%) | – |
| T3 | 0 (0%) | 6 (18.2%) | – |
| Framewise displacement, mean (SD) | |||
| T1 | 0.99 (0.25) | 0.96 (0.18) | .66 |
| T2 | 0.80 (0.12) | 0.89 (0.20) | <.05 |
| T3 | 1.03 (0.18) | 0.99 (0.14) | .62 |
| Estimated total intracranial volume, mean (SD) | |||
| T1 | 1,634,084.5 (117,478.4) | 1,591,464.6 (139,093.4) | .14 |
| T2 | 1,592,624.9 (143,446.1) | 1,597,655.4 (143,891.8) | .91 |
| T3 | 1,593,501.3 (136,787.3) | 1,606,285.2 (150,626.9) | .47 |
Note: Conners ADHD Index Score obtained from the Conners 3rd Edition Parent Report scale (Conners et al., 2011). Difference p values reported from Mann–Whitney U tests. Bold indicates significant group differences.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SES, socioeconomic status.