Table 1.
Strategies for Activation of the STING Pathway in DCs
| Delivery System | Cargo | Size (nm) | DC-targeting Approach | DC Subset Analyzed | Model | Route of Administration | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hybrid exosomes | SN38 and MnO2 | 149 | Unspecific (ICD of cancer cells and stimulation of STING) | cDC (CD11c+) | 4T1 tumor model | i.v. | [112] |
| Protein-based nanostructure (Man@Mn2+-Ft@Lap) | Mn2+ and β-lapachone | 100 | Mannose ligands | BMDC | 4T1 tumor model | i.v. | [111] |
| Liposomes | Oxaliplatin | 122 | Unspecific (ICD of cancer cells and stimulation of STING through co-administration of ADU-S100) | cDC1 and cDC2 (CD11c+) | CT26 murine model | Liposomes: i.v. ADU-S100: i.t. |
[113] |
| Liposomes | ADU-S100 | 121.3 | WH peptide (Clec9a targeting) | cDC1 (CD103+) | MC38 and B16F10 murine tumor | i.v. | [94] |
| PLGA NPs | 2’3’-cGAMP | 157.5 | CBP-12 EPBM NP coating (Clec9a targeting) | cDC1 (CD8α+) | B16-OVA melanoma and 4T1 breast cancer | s.c. | [114] |
| Liposomes | 2’3’-cGAMP | 160 | Unspecific | BMDC | B16-F10 melanoma model | in vitro stimulation | [115] |
| Virus-like particles | 2’3’-cGAMP | 158 | Viral fusion glycoprotein | cDC1 and cDC2 (CD11c+) | B16-F10 melanoma model | i.t. | [33] |
| PolySTING | 2’3’-cGAMP | 25 | Not specified | cDC1 (CD8α+ and CD103+) | MC38-OVA tumor-bearing | i.t. | [32] |
| PolySTING | diABZI | - | Mannose ligands | cDC1 (CD8α+ and CD103+) | B16F10 and 4T1 tumor models | i.v. | [116] |
| CDN-NPs | Synthetic CDN | 41 | Unspecific | cDC (CD11c+) | B16-F10 melanoma model | i.v. | [117] |
| ExoSTING | MR SS-2 CDA or cAIM(PS)2 Difluor (Rp/Sp) | 50–200 | EV import | pDC (CD123+), cDC (CD11c+) | B16F10, EG7.OVA and CT26 models | i.t. | [118] |
Abbreviations: BMDC, bone marrow-derived dendritic cell; i.v., intravenously; i.t., intratumorally; s.c., subcutaneous.