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. 2024 Oct 26;14:25528. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-76377-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Antibody response to vaccination, and live virus challenge in hamster model. A Timeline of inoculation (syringes), bleeding (red droplets), and challenge (virus icon). Letter(s) next to each icon indicate(s) related panels. B Antibody titers of hamsters two weeks and three weeks after the first dose. The differences between immunogens at the same time point were not statistically different by the Bonferroni test. C Pseudovirus neutralization by each serum after two inoculations. Horizontal lines indicate mean values for (B) and (C). D Percent weight tracking of hamsters following infection with SARS CoV-2 virus four weeks after the first dose. Points indicate mean values of percent weight from saline-inoculated hamsters (blue), spike-inoculated hamsters (gray), and liposome: spike-inoculated hamsters (green). Bars show standard deviation. Two-way ANOVA was performed, followed by the Bonferroni test as a post hoc test. *p < 0.05 vs. saline, **p < 0.01 vs. saline and ***p < 0.001 vs. saline.