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. 2024 Oct 26;14:25537. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-76776-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Soil borne greenhouse gas emissions as influenced by cropping systems. Panel (A) shows soil organic carbon stock change from 2nd to 6th crop rotation period (CRP, 1984–2019). Error bars represent least significant difference between system in a given CRP. In panel (B) least square means of annual soil carbon stock (SOC) changes from 2nd to 6th CRP expressed as CO₂ equivalents (n = 12 + SE). (C) Least square means of annual area-scaled N₂O and CH₄ emissions across a grass-clover, maize and green manure sequence within 6th CRP⁵⁷ expressed as CO₂ equivalents (n = 4 + SE). Small symbols in panel (B) and (C) represent individual observations from experimental plots. System boundary for greenhouse gas emissions is the field site.