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. 2024 Oct 26;14:25537. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-76776-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Relative system performance based on z-transformation and standard errors of 28 indicators assigned to critical impact categories and ranked according effects size (EF) between organic (BIOORG and BIODYN) and conventional (CONFYM and CONMIN) systems. Impact of farming system was assessed by one-way Anova with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions were inversely calculated, resulting in positive z-scores for low emissions. Scales of indicators varied between area scaled (A) and mass scaled (M) indicators, while richness (R) and number of individuals (I) was used for biodiversity assessments. For soil pH and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) none of these scales are applicable. Further details for each indicator can be retrieved from the cited publications. # refers to unpublished data and details are given in supplementary information.