Fig. 6.

I-V characteristics of riboflavin and blank in the positive (0–3 V) and negative (0 to −3 V) biased regions. Measurements were carried out for three technical replicates to validate the reproducibility of the results. Error bars are non-significant in the region of interest (about 0.5–1.8 V),where error bars were calculated using standard deviation method. Error bars seen above 1.8 V were higher and mainly contributed to the perturbation of the molecular structure of the riboflavin molecules due to the high electric field at higher potential bias.