Table 1. Illustration of extensive workup done as a diagnostic protocol for Case 1.
PCR: polymerase chain reaction, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus, SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome
| Test | Blood specimen | Urine specimen | Sputum specimen | Respiratory nasopharyngeal swab |
| Cultures | Negative | Negative | Negative | - |
| Gram stain | - | - | Negative | - |
| Procalcitonin | Normal | - | - | - |
| 1,3-β-D-glucan (BDG) | Negative | - | - | - |
| Galactomannan | Negative | - | - | - |
| Fungal smear | - | - | Positive for Blastomyces dermatitidis/gilchristii | - |
| Fungal culture | - | - | Positive for Blastomyces dermatitidis | - |
| Histoplasma antibodies | Negative | - | - | - |
| Histoplasma antigen | Negative | Negative | - | - |
| Histoplasma PCR | - | - | Negative | - |
| Aspergillus antigen | Negative | - | - | - |
| Blastomyces antibodies | Negative | - | - | - |
| Blastomyces antigen | Positive | Positive | - | - |
| Blastomyces PCR | - | - | Positive | - |
| Coccidioides antibodies | Negative | - | - | - |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii PCR | - | - | Negative | - |
| Legionella pneumophila antigen | - | Negative | - | - |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen | - | Negative | - | - |
| Quantiferon TB-gold | Negative | - | - | - |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies | IgM and IgG negative | - | - | - |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies | IgM negative | - | - | - |
| Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies | IgM and IgG negative | - | - | - |
| Chlamydia psittaci antibodies | IgM and IgG negative | - | - | - |
| HIV-1/-2 antigen | Negative | - | - | - |
| Adenovirus | - | - | - | Negative |
| Coronavirus 229E | - | - | - | Negative |
| Coronavirus HKU1 | - | - | - | Negative |
| Coronavirus NL63 | - | - | - | Negative |
| Coronavirus OC43 | - | - | - | Negative |
| SARS coronavirus-2 | - | - | - | Negative |
| Human metapneumovirus | - | - | - | Negative |
| Human rhinovirus/enterovirus | - | - | - | Negative |
| Influenza A virus | - | - | - | Negative |
| Influenza B virus | - | - | - | Negative |
| Parainfluenza virus 1 | - | - | - | Negative |
| Parainfluenza virus 2 | - | - | - | Negative |
| Parainfluenza virus 3 | - | - | - | Negative |
| Parainfluenza virus 4 | - | - | - | Negative |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | - | - | - | Negative |
| Bordetella parapertussis | - | - | - | Negative |
| Bordetella pertussis | - | - | - | Negative |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | - | - | - | Negative |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | - | - | - | Negative |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Negative | - | - | - |
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum | Negative | - | - | - |
| Borrelia miyamotoi, PCR, B | Negative | - | - | - |
| Ehrlichia chaffeensis | Negative | - | - | - |
| Ehrlichia ewingii/canis | Negative | - | - | - |
| Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis | Negative | - | - | - |
| Babesia divergens/MO-1 | Negative | - | - | - |
| Babesia duncani | Negative | - | - | - |