Table 1.
IL-10-independent regulatory B-cell mechanisms
| Disease | Breg phenotype | Mechanism of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| EAE | CD19+CD23Hi MLN B cells | Unknown | (12) |
| Splenic B cells | GITRL-mediated homeostatic maintenance of Treg | (13) | |
| PD-L1+ B cells | Up-regulation of PD-1 on Treg | (14–16) | |
| PD-L1Hi B cells | Restriction of T-cell differentiation | (17) | |
| IL-35-producing B cells | IL-35 production | (18) | |
| Diabetes | TLR-activated B cells | Possibly through FasL-mediated apoptosis of pathogenic T cells and secreting TGF-β | (19, 20) |
| Transplant tolerance | ICAM-1Hi B cells | Interaction with T cells via ICAM-1–LFA-1 | (21–23) |
| TGF-β+ B cells | Promoting Treg development | (24) | |
| Antibody-producing B cells | Catalytic IgG production | (25) | |
| FcγRIIBHi B cells | Unknown | (26) | |
| FasL+ B cells | Possibly Fas–FasL-mediated killing of pathogenic immune cells | (27) | |
| CIA | FasL+CD5+ B cells | Inducing T-cell apoptosis | (28) |
| Allergic diseases | Splenic B cells | Unknown | (1) |
| CD5+ B1 cells | FasL-mediated apoptosis of effector T cells | (29) | |
| TGF-β+CD5+ B cells | Promotion of Treg development | (30, 31) | |
| CD35+TSP-1+ B cells | Treg differentiation via TGF-β and down-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells | (32) | |
| Colitis | B1 B cells | Production of natural IgM | (33, 34) |
| CD73+ B cells | Adenosine generation | (11) | |
| MLN B cells | Interaction with Treg | (35) | |
| Splenic B cells | Production of TGF-β | (36) |
Breg, regulatory B cell.