Fig. 7.

a) A range of biomimetic hydroxyapatite/shape-memory composite scaffolds with programmable pore designs were developed, utilizing poly(ε-caprolactone), polytetrahydrofuran (PTMG) and osteoconductive hydroxyapatite (HA). These programmable porous scaffolds show promising potential for bone regeneration applications. Reproduced with permission [100]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry. b) Schematic of a multifunctional, biodegradable magnetic chitosan microscaffold (Mag-C) with customizable shape for medical uses. These microscaffolds have tunable pores and sizes for specific needs, offering multiple functions. Their versatility was shown in lab tests and real-world treatments for liver cancer and knee cartilage repair. Reproduced with permission [101]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. c) Diagnostic Strategy for Sensing Pathological Signals (like glucose changes, ROS, MMPs) in Diabetes, Guiding Timed Drug Release for Enhanced Tissue Repair. Reproduced with permission [105]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-Blackwell. d) Schematic of a 3D-printed scaffold responsive to NIR light, enabling controlled drug release and improved bone healing [106]. e) Infrared-responsive scaffold, made with low-temperature rapid prototyping (LT-RP) 3D printing, supports bone growth in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Reproduced with permission [107]. Copyright 2022, KeAi Communications Co. f) Developed a porous, biocompatible bone scaffold from shape memory polymers (SMP), using poly(ε-caprolactone) diol, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)and hydroxyapatite (HA). These scaffolds can be programmed to a temporary shape and then return to their original form to fit bone defects. Reproduced with permission [108]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier Ltd. g) Bioactive PCL scaffolds designed for controlled release of aprotinin and thymosin β4 in a programmable manner. Reproduced with permission [109]. Copyright 2023, Oxford University Press.