Fig. 9.

a) Engineered surfaces are designed for immune-driven bone growth, with a PTMC coating that degrades to programmatically release IL-10 and DEX. Reproduced with permission [126]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. b) Engineered surface of PEEK, designed to improve bone-implant integration in osteoporotic conditions. It promotes a beneficial osteoimmune environment initially, followed by enhanced bone healing. Reproduced with permission [127]. Copyright 2022, KeAi Communications Co. c) Magnesium-enhanced 3D-printed PEEK scaffolds support blood vessel and bone growth. These porous structures are engineered for repairing bone loss due to periodontitis. Reproduced with permission [128]. Copyright 2023, KeAi Communications Co.