Figure 1.

Conceptual outline of the study and analysis workflow

(A) Overview of sampling regions and metadata. This study utilized data from the sub-cohorts of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), referred to as CHNS-1 (n = 10,695) and CHNS-2 (n = 1,946). CHNS-1 encompassed participants from 15 provinces or municipalities across China, while CHNS-2 drew from 4 provinces within the country. Notably, there was no overlap in participants between these two cohorts. All participants contributed ITS2 sequencing data and metadata. Moreover, repeated measurements of mycobiome (n = 1,946) and metabolome (n = 996) data are accessible for CHNS-2 participants.

(B) Overview of analysis workflow. In the CHNS-1 cohort, we initially conducted a comprehensive portrayal of the inter-individual variation of the gut mycobiome and identified its associated factors. Subsequently, we delved deeper into investigating the connection between the gut mycobiome and cardiometabolic health. In the CHNS-2 cohort, our analysis focused on exploring the long-term variability of the gut mycobiome and dynamic interplay between the gut mycobiome and cardiometabolic diseases. Furthermore, we uncovered the key metabolites potential linking the gut mycobiome to cardiometabolic diseases through multi-omics integration.

See also Table S1.