Robustness of self-cleaning surface in recent research.

Types self-cleaning surface	Preparation	Test methods	Test results	Ref.
Superhydrophilicity	Gafting polymerization on silanized glass	Linear reciprocating abrasion	WCA ≈ 10°	119
Superhydrophilicity	Sprayed ZrO2/TiO2/HSN on glass	Sandpaper abrasion	WCA > 150°	120
Superhydrophobicity	Sprayed hydrophobic adhesive and SiO2 nanoparticles on substrate	Sand falling, water-impacting	WCA ≈ 152°	121
Superhydrophobicity	Electrophoretic deposition and self-assembly of fluorinated nanoparticles on a pre-roughened polymer layer	Manual grinding, friction test	WCA > 150°	85
Superhydrophiliciy	Dip-coating glass in a solution of nanoparticles and binders, then annealing	Grinding abrasion	After 500 times WCA > 10°	103
Superhydrophobicity	Sprayed modified nanoparticles suspension on adhesive-coated substrate	sandpaper abrasion, sand falling, scraping test	WCA > 135°	122
Superhydrophilicity	Synthesized PVA/GO@MOF membrane via chemical crosslinking	sandpaper abrasion	OCA > 150°	123
Superhydrophobicity	Coating glass with a solution derived from TEOS and Me-MQ, then annealing	Sand falling sandpaper abrasion	WCA > 127.5°	62
Photocatalysis, hydrophilicity	Dip-coating with SSNs, P25 and ACSS mixtures	Pencil scratching, tape peeling	Stable self-cleaning effect	124