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. 2024 Oct 27;22:970. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05749-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The development of hydrogels in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. There are multiple sources utilized for the development of hydrogels in gastrointestinal cancer therapy. Various kinds of polymers have been used, especially natural-based polymers such as cellulose, chitosan and alginate. These hydrogels have been mainly deployed for the delivery of chemotherapy drugs including oxaliplatin, doxorubicin, docetaxel and 5-fluorouracil. Their final impact on the tumor cells can be decreasing metastasis and proliferation of cancer cells, macrophage reprogramming to M1 phenotype, reversing drug resistance and reduction in angiogenesis through controlling VEGF levels. (Created by Biorender.com)