Table 2.

ROBINS-I assessment of study bias for included studies

Bias domain	Boudreau et al.	Wessem et al.	Leenen et al.	Gulickx et al.	Neeki et al.	Imach et al.	Menyar et al.	Wafaisade et al.	Bossers et al.
Due to confounding	Critical	Serious	Serious	Serious	Moderate	Serious	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Selection of participants	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low
Classification of interventions	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Deviation from intended	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Missing data	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low
Measurement of outcomes	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Selection of the reported result	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Overall risk of bias	Critical	Serious	Serious	Serious	Moderate	Serious	Moderate	Moderate	Serious