Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of subjects
| Variables | Total (n = 449) |
Anion gap(mmol/L) | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1(≤12) (n = 99) |
Q2(13–14) (n = 109) |
Q3(15–17) (n = 115) |
Q4( ≥18) (n = 126) |
|||
| Sex (Male), n (%) | 288 (64.1) | 67 (67.7) | 76 (69.7) | 69 (60) | 76 (60.3) | 0.299 |
| Age, years | 57.4 ± 18.1 | 54.6 ± 18.5 | 56.0 ± 18.3 | 58.7 ± 18.0 | 59.4 ± 17.4 | 0.163 |
| Race (White), n (%) | 307 (68.4) | 75 (75.8) | 82 (75.2) | 75 (65.2) | 75 (59.5) | 0.019 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 108.5 ± 21.7 | 101.7 ± 19.5 | 106.1 ± 19.6 | 111.0 ± 23.0 | 113.4 ± 22.4 | < 0.001 |
| Mean blood pressure (mmhg) | 75.5 ± 10.4 | 74.7 ± 8.9 | 77.6 ± 10.3 | 76.8 ± 10.3 | 73.1 ± 11.2 | 0.003 |
| Respirotary rate (bpm) | 31.3 ± 7.7 | 30.6 ± 7.6 | 30.5 ± 6.8 | 32.9 ± 8.7 | 30.9 ± 7.2 | 0.058 |
| Temperature (°C) | 37.7 ± 0.9 | 37.6 ± 0.9 | 37.7 ± 0.9 | 37.7 ± 0.9 | 37.8 ± 1.0 | 0.532 |
| SPO2 (%) | 91.5 ± 6.8 | 92.2 ± 4.2 | 92.5 ± 3.7 | 92.0 ± 4.4 | 89.7 ± 11.0 | 0.006 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 9.2 ± 1.9 | 9.0 ± 1.8 | 9.3 ± 1.8 | 9.2 ± 2.0 | 9.1 ± 2.0 | 0.682 |
| WBC (109/L) | 14.9 (10.6, 21.9) | 13.7 (9.2, 18.9) | 14.4 (10.0, 20.2) | 15.5 (10.7, 21.5) | 16.1 (12.5, 24.3) | 0.05 |
| Anion gap (mmol/L) | 15.7 ± 4.5 | 10.9 ± 1.4 | 13.5 ± 0.5 | 15.9 ± 0.9 | 21.4 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 |
| Platelets (109/L) | 157.0 (100.0, 236.0) | 171.0 (119.0, 232.0) | 175.0 (111.0, 244.0) | 162.0 (99.5, 267.5) | 137.0 (69.5, 201.8) | 0.01 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.8) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 2.0 (1.2, 4.7) | < 0.001 |
| PT (s) | 18.7 ± 9.6 | 17.5 ± 6.1 | 18.3 ± 7.9 | 18.7 ± 11.0 | 20.0 ± 11.6 | 0.254 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.1 (1.4, 3.0) | 2.0 (1.3, 2.5) | 2.0 (1.4, 2.8) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.9) | 2.4 (1.5, 3.9) | 0.06 |
| SOFA score | 5.8 ± 3.9 | 4.5 ± 2.9 | 4.8 ± 3.2 | 5.6 ± 3.9 | 7.7 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 136.8 ± 5.3 | 137.9 ± 4.7 | 136.8 ± 5.2 | 137.5 ± 5.0 | 135.3 ± 5.9 | 0.001 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 0.108 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 192 (42.8) | 32 (32.3) | 48 (44) | 53 (46.1) | 59 (46.8) | 0.119 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 103 (22.9) | 22 (22.2) | 24 (22) | 31 (27) | 26 (20.6) | 0.68 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 121 (26.9) | 27 (27.3) | 24 (22) | 28 (24.3) | 42 (33.3) | 0.226 |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 89 (19.8) | 11 (11.1) | 15 (13.8) | 22 (19.1) | 41 (32.5) | < 0.001 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 318 (70.8) | 59 (59.6) | 74 (67.9) | 81 (70.4) | 104 (82.5) | 0.002 |
| LVEF (%) | 52.1 ± 9.2 | 51.7 ± 8.3 | 54.9 ± 7.5 | 51.3 ± 11.4 | 50.7 ± 8.8 | 0.043 |
| Acute kidney injury 2 day, n (%) | 273 (60.8) | 48 (48.5) | 60 (55) | 68 (59.1) | 97 (77) | < 0.001 |
| CRRT | 35 ( 7.8) | 2 (2) | 2 (1.8) | 7 (6.1) | 24 (19) | < 0.001 |
| Surgery, n (%) | 24 ( 5.3) | 3 (3) | 9 (8.3) | 9 (7.8) | 3 (2.4) | 0.091 |
| Blood culture, n (%) | 0.063 | |||||
| Negative | 209 (47.6) | 50 (51) | 48 (44.4) | 61 (54) | 50 (41.7) | |
| Staphylococcus spp | 151 (34.4) | 36 (36.7) | 41 (38) | 30 (26.5) | 44 (36.7) | |
| Streptococcus spp | 23 ( 5.2) | 4 (4.1) | 10 (9.3) | 5 (4.4) | 4 (3.3) | |
| Enterococcus spp | 25 ( 5.7) | 5 (5.1) | 3 (2.8) | 6 (5.3) | 11 (9.2) | |
| HACEK | 2 ( 0.5) | 1 (1) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Double infection | 29 ( 6.6) | 2 (2) | 5 (4.6) | 11 (9.7) | 11 (9.2) | |
Abbreviations: PT, prothrombin time; WBC, white blood cell; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; HACEK, Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella; spp, species