Table 2. Unadjusted associations of increased e-cigarette use with demographic and behavioral characteristics: results from unadjusted penalized logistic regression models (N=85).
| Variable (responses) | Increased (n=46) | Did not increase (n=39) | ORa (95% CI) | P value |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (n=84) (years), mean (SD) | 17.1 (1.2) | 16.17 (1.1) | 2.03 (1.35‐3.31) | .002 |
| In high school (9th-12th), n (%) | 45 (98) | 35 (90) | 3.85 (0.67‐39.62) | .20 |
| Self-identified sex, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 24 (52) | 15 (38) | 1.80 (0.77-4.32) | .19 |
| Male | 21 (46) | 24 (61) | Reference | —b |
| Other or nonbinaryc | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | — | — |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| African American or Black and non-Hispanic | 10 (22) | 3 (8) | 1.91 (0.48‐9.03) | .39 |
| Hispanic | 15 (33) | 22 (56) | 0.44 (0.16‐1.19) | .12 |
| White and non-Hispanic | 16 (35) | 10 (26) | Reference | — |
| Another raced and non-Hispanic | 5 (6) | 4 (10) | 0.78 (0.18‐3.52) | .75 |
| Mother’s educational attainment, n (%) | ||||
| GEDe or high school or lower | 12 (26) | 13 (33) | 0.60 (0.18‐1.99) | .42 |
| Some college degree | 21 (46) | 16 (41) | 0.85 (0.27‐2.59) | .78 |
| Some graduate or professional degree | 11 (24) | 7 (18) | Reference | — |
| Unknown | 2 (4) | 3 (8) | 0.47 (0.06‐3.00) | .46 |
| e-Cigarette use | ||||
| e-Cigarette dependence (range 0‐16), median (IQR) | 10 (7‐11) | 7 (3-11) | 1.12 (1.02‐1.25) | .03 |
| Who knows that you use e-cigarette? n (%) | ||||
| A parent | 28 (61) | 18 (46) | 1.79 (0.77‐4.25) | .19 |
| A sibling | 26 (57) | 14 (36) | 2.27 (0.97‐5.49) | .07 |
| A grandparent | 4 (9) | 3 (8) | 1.10 (0.25‐5.23) | .90 |
| Another relative | 9 (20) | 6 (15) | 1.31 (0.44‐4.10) | .64 |
| No one | 4 (9) | 8 (21) | 0.39 (0.11‐1.30) | .15 |
| Family members who know you use e-cigarettes, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 3 (7) | 7 (18) | Reference | — |
| 1 | 26 (57) | 23 (59) | 2.42 (0.64‐10.93) | .23 |
| ≥2 | 17 (37) | 9 (23) | 3.95 (0.93‐19.71) | .08 |
| Tobacco or THC f use among people with whom you currently live, n (%) | ||||
| Family member or friend | 36 (78) | 28 (72) | 1.40 (0.53‐3.75) | .50 |
| Nobody | 10 (22) | 11 (28) | Reference | — |
| People you live with, n (%) | ||||
| Alone | 3 (7) | 0 (0) | 4.56 (0.36‐648.0) | .40 |
| 1‐2 | 11 (24) | 7 (18) | Reference | — |
| 3 | 15 (33) | 16 (41) | 0.61 (0.19‐1.92) | .42 |
| 4+ | 17 (37) | 16 (41) | 0.69 (0.22‐2.14) | .54 |
| COVID-19–related factors | ||||
| Diagnosed with COVID-19, n (%) | 2 (4) | 5 (13) | 0.35 (0.06‐1.56) | .22 |
| Anxiety over COVID-19 (range 1‐5), median (IQR) | 3.9 (3.5‐4.2) | 3.8 (3.3‐4.2) | 1.07 (0.62‐1.87) | .81 |
| Strongly willing to be vaccinated against the COVID-19 infection, n (%) | 35 (76) | 26 (67) | 1.57 (0.62‐4.06) | .35 |
| How are you coping with shelter-in-place? n (%) | ||||
| Being on social media | 42 (91) | 34 (87) | 1.51 (0.40‐6.01) | .56 |
| Streaming videos | 18 (39) | 11 (28) | 1.61 (0.66‐4.04) | .31 |
| Watching television | 6 (57) | 20 (51) | 1.23 (0.53‐2.88) | .64 |
| Playing videogames | 29 (63) | 19 (49) | 1.77 (0.76‐4.22) | .20 |
| Using e-cigarettes | 36 (78) | 20 (51) | 3.31 (1.34‐8.59) | .01 |
| Social media | ||||
| Social Media Intensity (range 1‐5), median (IQR) | 3.5 (2.7‐3.8) | 3.3 (2.3‐3.8) | 1.22 (0.77‐1.96) | .40 |
| Using social media more since shelter-in-place, n (%) | 45 (98) | 38 (97) | 0.85 (0.07‐10.74) | .91 |
| Saw e-cigarette digital content on social media, n (%) | 38 (83) | 25 (64) | 2.58 (0.98‐7.13) | .06 |
| Apps used in the past 30 days (n=74), n (%) | ||||
| TikTok | 25 (66) | 20 (56) | 1.52 (0.61‐3.88) | .38 |
| 30 (79) | 28 (78) | 1.07 (0.36‐3.19) | .91 | |
| 23 (61) | 19 (53) | 1.36 (0.55‐3.41) | .51 | |
| 25 (66) | 19 (53) | 1.70 (0.68‐4.33) | .27 | |
| Snapchat | 25 (66) | 25 (69) | 0.85 (0.32‐2.22) | .75 |
| 21 (55) | 14 (39) | 1.91 (0.77‐4.83) | .17 | |
| YouTube | 24 (63) | 27 (75) | 0.58 (0.21‐1.54) | .29 |
| Otherg | 2 (4) | 2 (5) | 0.95 (0.14‐6.44) | .96 |
| Apps used in the past 30 days (n=74), median (IQR) | 4 (3-7) | 4 (3-5) | 1.12 (0.86‐1.46) | .41 |
| Emotional and psychological distress | ||||
| Feeling lonely all or most of the time, n (%) | 18 (50) | 9 (26) | 4.15 (1.68‐10.91) | .003 |
| Psychological distress (n=84), h n (%) | ||||
| Severe (13+) | 17 (47) | 15 (43) | 1.23 (0.53‐2.90) | .64 |
| No severe psychological distress (<13) | 19 (53) | 20 (57) | Reference | — |
| Other concerns endorsed, n (%) | ||||
| Stuck at home with my family all the time | 27 (59) | 22 (56) | 1.10 (0.47‐2.58) | .83 |
| Frustrated that my routine or plan has been disrupted | 28 (61) | 17 (44) | 1.98 (0.85‐4.73) | .12 |
| Not sure when my life will go back to normal | 28 (61) | 23 (59) | 1.08 (0.46‐2.56) | .86 |
| Spending more time on social media | 23 (50) | 9 (23) | 1.25 (0.53‐3.00) | .62 |
| Worried about COVID-19 | 19 (41) | 14 (36) | 0.73 (0.31‐1.69) | .46 |
| Not able to meet up or hang out with people | 21 (46) | 21 (54) | 3.21 (1.30‐8.40) | .02 |
| Angry about the current state of politics | 16 (35) | 9 (23) | 1.74 (0.69‐4.59) | .26 |
a
OR: Oodds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
b
N/A: Not applicable.
c
Excluded from logistic regression.
d
Alaskan Native or American Indian or multiracial, Asian or Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic
e
GED: General Education Development Ttest.
f
THC: Ttetrahydrocannabinol.
g
Includes the following: Among uUs, Discord, Teams, and Zoom.
h
One participant was excluded due to missing values and an unpredictable sum of scores.