Expression of flaB′-′xylE, hp1120′-′xylE, and flaA′-′xylE reporter genes in various H. pylori strains. XylE activities were measured for the reporter genes indicated to the right of the graphs in H. pylori 43504 (wild type; open bars), an hp0958:aphA3 mutant (filled bars), and an rpoN:aphA3 mutant (striped bars). Values represent the averages of at least 10 assays, and standard deviations for these values are indicated by the error bars.