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. 2024 Oct 21;55(11):2705–2715. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.124.048264

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© 2024 The Authors.

Stroke is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Histological changes in gray matter. We compared quantitative changes in inflammatory markers of gliosis (GFAP [glial fibrillary acidic protein]), microglial accumulation (Iba-1 [ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1]), neuronal counts (NeuN), cellular death markers (Casp-3) in cingulate gyrus Ctx (Ctx1), first parasagittal gyrus Ctx (Ctx2), caudate (Caud), putamen (Put), and Ca1/2 (Ca1/2) and Ca3 (Ca3) of the hippocampus. Placebo animals (n=33–41) were compared with the low-dose (LD)-caffeine–treated animals (n=7–11) and controls (n=4–9) using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test as appropriate. Data are presented as mean±SEM. Brackets show significance as follows: *P<0.05. LD-caffeine–treated group is presented in green, control is presented in yellow, and placebo is presented in black.