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. 2024 Oct 15;15:1468229. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1468229

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Copyright © 2024 Santos, Rezende, Piraine, Oliveira, Ferreira, Carvalho, Calado, Pellegrini and Almeida

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Evaluation of the production and characterization of extracellular vesicles derived from breast cancer cells. (A) Nanoparticle-tracking analysis showing the size distribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by sensitive and resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells treated with tamoxifen (TAM) and doxorubicin (DOX). (B) Additional information about the average size and concentration of EVs per mL. (C) Histogram showing the EV production of each cancer cell per hour. (D) Transmission electron microscopy images of sensitive and resistant EVs from breast cancer cell lines. TAM-R, tamoxifen-resistant; DOX-R, doxorubicin-resistant; ns, non-significant. The bars represent the mean with the standard deviation from three independent experiments.