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. 2024 Oct 15;15:1468229. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1468229

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Copyright © 2024 Santos, Rezende, Piraine, Oliveira, Ferreira, Carvalho, Calado, Pellegrini and Almeida

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) and doxorubicin-resistant (DOX-R) breast cancer cell lines modulate the cytokine production and release of human macrophages. Human CD14+/CD16- peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)-derived macrophages were exposed to EVs released by resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and the quantification level of (A) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, (B) interleukin (IL)-1β, (C) IL-10, and (D) interferon (IFN)-γ were evaluated. Additionally, THP-1-macrophages were exposed to resistant EVs, and the secretion levels of (E) TNF-α, (F) IL-1β, (G) IL-10, and (H) IFN-γ measured by the ELISA assay. Values are displayed as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. The asterisks indicate a significant difference between TAM-R EVs or DOX-R EVs exposure compared to sensitive EV effects (unpaired t-test). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, not significant; media, RPMI 1640; LPS, lipopolysaccharide (positive control).