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. 2024 Oct 15;12:1414864. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1414864

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Copyright © 2024 Piksa, Noworyta, Gundersen, Kunst, Morzy, Piasecki and Rygula.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparison of susceptibility to true and fake news, and proneness to confirmation bias between COVID-19 vaccine opinions groups. Participants, categorized according to their opinions about COVID-19 vaccines, differed in their abilities to recognize (A) true news, (B) fake news, and (C) discernment of truthfulness. Additionally, variations were observed in their susceptibility to confirmation bias (D) – those opposed to vaccines were most prone to this bias. Means are presented with ± SEM; *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.