Table 3.
Daily energy and nutrient intake (mean ± SD) according to quintile of UPF intake in toddlerhood (21 months) and mid-childhood (7 years)
| Age | UK Guideline |
Total | Quintile of % of energy from UPF | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (21 m: n = 2,591 7y: n = 592) |
Q1 (21 m: n = 518 7y: n = 118) |
Q2 (21 m: n = 519 7y: n = 119) |
Q3 (21 m: n = 518 7y: n = 118) |
Q4 (21 m: n = 517 7y: n = 119) |
Q5 (21 m: n = 519 7y: n = 118) |
|||
| Energy (kcals) | 21 m | 944c | 1033 ± 187 | 1027 ± 180 | 1042 ± 173 | 1044 ± 170 | 1044 ± 208 | 1011 ± 199 |
| 7y | 1768c | 1500 ± 259 | 1442 ± 247 | 1494 ± 256 | 1529 ± 280 | 1486 ± 238 | 1556 ± 261 | |
| Fat (%E) | 21mb | d | 36.2 ± 4.8 | 37.6 ± 5.0 | 36.4 ± 4.5 | 36.6 ± 4.5 | 35.5 ± 4.8 | 34.7 ± 4.7 |
| 7y | ≤ 33d | 33.3 ± 5.0 | 34.1 ± 5.1 | 32.5 ± 5.1 | 33.1 ± 5.1 | 33.1 ± 4.5 | 34.0 ± 4.9 | |
| Saturated fat (%E) | 21mb | d | 15.7 ± 3.5 | 17.3 ± 3.5 | 16.3 ± 3.3 | 16.3 ± 3.1 | 15.0 ± 3.3 | 13.6 ± 3.2 |
| 7y | ≤ 10d | 13.2 ± 2.9 | 13.6 ± 3.1 | 12.9 ± 3.4 | 13.4 ± 2.8 | 13.0 ± 2.4 | 13.2 ± 2.7 | |
| Carbohydrate (%E) | 21ma | 50e | 48.4 ± 5.5 | 46.0 ± 5.7 | 47.3 ± 5.0 | 47.6 ± 4.7 | 49.4 ± 5.1 | 51.6 ± 5.2 |
| 7y | 50e | 52.3 ± 5.1 | 50.9 ± 5.3 | 52.5 ± 4.8 | 52.3 ± 5.1 | 53.2 ± 4.6 | 52.8 ± 5.4 | |
| Free sugar (%E) | 21ma | ≤ 5e | 9.3 ± 4.6 | 6.4 ± 3.5 | 7.8 ± 3.5 | 8.9 ± 3.6 | 10.3 ± 4.1 | 13.0 ± 5.3 |
| 7ya | ≤ 5e | 14.1 ± 4.9 | 11.1 ± 4.3 | 13.5 ± 5.0 | 13.9 ± 4.1 | 15.6 ± 4.2 | 16.1 ± 5.0 | |
| Protein (g) | 21mb | 14.5f | 40.0 ± 8.6 | 42.3 ± 8.3 | 42.4 ± 7.7 | 41.3 ± 8.0 | 39.3 ± 8.5 | 34.5 ± 8.1 |
| 7y | 28.3f | 53.7 ± 10.9 | 54.3 ± 10.3 | 55.9 ± 11.1 | 56.0 ± 11.9 | 50.8 ± 10.2 | 51.3 ± 9.7 | |
| Fiber (g) | 21 m | g | 9.4 ± 3.0 | 9.5 ± 3.0 | 9.7 ± 3.1 | 9.0 ± 2.8 | 9.2 ± 3.0 | 9.3 ± 3.3 |
| 7yb | 20g | 10.9 ± 2.8 | 12.6 ± 3.3 | 11.3 ± 2.8 | 10.9 ± 2.5 | 10.3 ± 2.1 | 9.4 ± 2.2 | |
| Sodium (mg) | 21ma | 500h | 1112 ± 338 | 925 ± 262 | 1059 ± 263 | 1145 ± 306 | 1206 ± 359 | 1223 ± 388 |
| 7ya | 1200h | 1778 ± 451 | 1607 ± 385 | 1699 ± 440 | 1838 ± 493 | 1760 ± 377 | 1988 ± 451 | |
%E = percentage of total energy; m = months; UPF, ultra-processed food; y = years
a Positive linear association (CSGLM) between % energy from UPF (continuous) and nutrient (continuous), P < 0.001
b Negative linear association (CSGLM) between % energy from UPF (continuous) and nutrient (continuous), P < 0.001
cMean of Estimated Average Requirement for Energy for boys and girls aged 1–3 years and 7–10 years respectively [25]
dDietary Reference Values for fat and saturated fat as % Total Dietary Energy Intake do not apply before 2 years and apply in full from age 5 years [1]
ePopulation guideline from 1 year of age [1, 26]
fReference Nutrient Intake for children aged 1–3 years and 7–10 years respectively [27]
gNo fibre recommendation for children below 2 years of age, 15 g/day for children aged 2-5years and 20 g/day for children aged 5–11 years [26]
hReference Nutrient Intake for children aged 1–3 years and 7–10 years respectively [28]