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. 2024 Oct 28;15:9280. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53155-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — The power spectral density of a simulated 1/f-noise time-series was estimated by the multitaper method with NW=2. In log-log representation the exact PSD follows a linear decay. The local bias, however, flattens the peak at the low end of the spectrum below the bandwidth frequency W. The grey shaded area represents a 95% confidence interval for the estimation based on the assumption of a linear relationship.