Figure 3.

Number of participants receiving nonopioid medications per ICU-day stratified by medication class. Background bar chart depicts total number of participants present in the ICU who received postoperative opioids. Anticonvulsants include gabapentin, pregabalin, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine. Anxiolytic/antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants. Sedatives include benzodiazepines and diphenhydramine. Muscle relaxants include cyclobenzaprine, baclofen, and tizanidine. Ketamine administration was not depicted because it was administered in less than 1% of participants. NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.