TABLE 1.
Descriptive and Univariable Analysis of Sociodemographic and Baseline Characteristics and Surgical Factors
| Variable (Categorical or Continuous) | Frequency (%) or Mean (sd), n = 1865 |
|---|---|
| Age (yr)a | 56 (15) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 910 (48.8) |
| Male | 955 (51.2) |
| Race | |
| White | 1724 (92.4) |
| African American | 84 (4.5) |
| Other | 57 (3.1) |
| Body mass indexa (kg/m2) | 30.1 (7.3) |
| ASA physical status classification | |
| Class 1 | 21 (1.3) |
| Class 2 | 470 (28.3) |
| Class 3 | 870 (52.3) |
| Class 4 | 302 (18.2) |
| Tobacco use | |
| Current | 416 (22.6) |
| Former | 678 (36.8) |
| Never | 751 (40.7) |
| Alcohol use | |
| Never | 381 (25.7) |
| Current or former | 1102 (74.3) |
| Illicit drug use | |
| Never | 1604 (92.2) |
| Current or former | 135 (7.8) |
| Insurance | |
| Private | 843 (57.8) |
| Medicaid/Medicare | 616 (42.2) |
| At least moderate anxiety | |
| No | 752 (51.3) |
| Yes | 713 (48.7) |
| At least moderate depression | |
| No | 1081 (74.1) |
| Yes | 378 (25.9) |
| Life Satisfaction Scalea | 6.7 (2.7) |
| Fibromyalgia Survey Scorea | 6.1 (4.8) |
| Number of chronic pain areasa | 3.5 (4.4) |
| Neuropathic Pain Scalea | 6.6 (7.5) |
| Brief pain inventorya | 3.1 (3.0) |
| Preoperative opioid use | |
| No | 1217 (71.4) |
| Yes | 487 (28.6) |
| Major surgery | |
| No | 227 (13.6) |
| Yes | 1441 (86.4) |
| Anesthesia duration (hr)a | 7.4 (3.0) |
| > 24 hr ventilator use in ICU | |
| No | 1724 (92.4) |
| Yes | 141 (7.6) |
a
Continuous variable: mean (sd); remaining variables categorical: frequency (%).