Table 2.

Comparison of model performances without bingham equation.

Model	Epoch	Initial learning rate	RMSE	R 2	MAE
BP	100	0.01	1.35	0.311	1.16
RF	100	/	1.01	0.35	0.834
XGBoost	100	0.01	0.901	0.435	0.78
LSTM	100	0.01	0.7	0.594	0.572
BiLSTM	100	0.01	0.61	0.66	0.509
BiLSTM-SA	100	0.01	0.41	0.698	0.335
Bingham Equation	/	/	5.17	0.138	4.447