Table 3.

Comparison of different model performances with bingham equation.

Model	Epoch	Initial Learning Rate	RMSE	R 2	MAE
BP	100	0.01	1.19	0.347	1.01
RF	100	/	0.856	0.370	0.786
XGBoost	100	0.01	0.86	0.471	0.735
LSTM	100	0.01	0.650	0.610	0.492
BiLSTM	100	0.01	0.512	0.686	0.410
BiLSTM-SA	100	0.01	0.309	0.790	0.298