Table 1.
Demographic and health characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Weight maintainers | Weight changers | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight gainers 20%+ | Weight gainers 5 ~ 20% | Weight cyclers | Weight losers 5 ~ 20% | Weight losers 20%+ | ||||||||
| Number of subjects, % | 1,600,131 | 31.6 | 10,706 | 0.2 | 1,236,882 | 24.4 | 1,394413 | 27.5 | 815,680 | 16.1 | 4342 | 0.1 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1,003,015 | 33.7 | 5904 | 0.2 | 799,923 | 26.9 | 728,089 | 24.5 | 435,794 | 14.6 | 2172 | 0.1 |
| Female | 597,116 | 28.6 | 4802 | 0.2 | 436,959 | 20.9 | 666,324 | 31.9 | 379,886 | 18.2 | 2170 | 0.1 |
| Ages (years, mean, SD) | 45 | 11.5 | 38 | 13.9 | 40 | 12.1 | 44 | 13.5 | 49 | 12.1 | 50 | 14.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| < 18.5 | 37,078 | 2.3 | 2089 | 19.5 | 55,685 | 4.5 | 46,803 | 3.4 | 11,279 | 1.4 | 18 | 0.4 |
| 18.5–25.0 | 1,027,976 | 64.2 | 7763 | 72.5 | 909,669 | 73.5 | 915,539 | 65.7 | 470,727 | 57.7 | 1369 | 31.5 |
| 25.1–29.9 | 502,310 | 31.4 | 791 | 7.4 | 253,509 | 20.5 | 387,956 | 27.8 | 303,425 | 37.2 | 1783 | 41.1 |
| ≥ 30.0 | 32,767 | 2.0 | 63 | 0.6 | 18,019 | 1.5 | 44,115 | 3.2 | 30,249 | 3.7 | 1172 | 27.0 |
| Waist circumference | ||||||||||||
| Q1–25 | 410,843 | 25.7 | 1382 | 12.9 | 272,996 | 22.1 | 394,626 | 28.3 | 271,109 | 33.2 | 1963 | 45.2 |
| Q26–50 | 406,541 | 25.4 | 1839 | 17.2 | 305,360 | 24.7 | 340,922 | 24.4 | 210,260 | 25.8 | 904 | 20.8 |
| Q51–75 | 401,730 | 25.1 | 2458 | 23.0 | 313,764 | 25.4 | 329,197 | 23.6 | 186,099 | 22.8 | 754 | 17.4 |
| Q75–100 | 380,865 | 23.8 | 4989 | 46.6 | 344,535 | 27.9 | 329,411 | 23.6 | 148,140 | 18.2 | 719 | 16.6 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||||||
| Medicare | 935 | 0.1 | 14 | 0.1 | 934 | 0.1 | 1429 | 0.1 | 753 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.1 |
| Q1–25 | 193,246 | 12.1 | 1361 | 12.7 | 146,704 | 11.9 | 212,688 | 15.3 | 123,447 | 15.1 | 637 | 14.7 |
| Q26–50 | 441,125 | 27.6 | 4166 | 38.9 | 394,759 | 31.9 | 472,074 | 33.9 | 250,067 | 30.7 | 1310 | 30.2 |
| Q51–75 | 732,176 | 45.8 | 4363 | 40.8 | 557,597 | 45.1 | 574,107 | 41.2 | 344,435 | 42.2 | 1924 | 44.3 |
| Q75–100 | 218,234 | 13.6 | 687 | 6.4 | 118,517 | 9.6 | 118,923 | 8.5 | 91,575 | 11.2 | 435 | 10.0 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | ||||||||||||
| < 200 | 921,088 | 57.6 | 7422 | 69.3 | 809,939 | 65.5 | 836,609 | 60.0 | 437,439 | 53.6 | 2257 | 52.0 |
| 200–239 | 496,334 | 31.0 | 2463 | 23.0 | 324,098 | 26.2 | 405,931 | 29.1 | 267,943 | 32.8 | 1408 | 32.4 |
| ≥ 240 | 181,577 | 11.3 | 808 | 7.5 | 101,854 | 8.2 | 150,667 | 10.8 | 109,688 | 13.4 | 671 | 15.5 |
| Proteinuria | ||||||||||||
| Negative/equivocal | 1,575,132 | 98.4 | 10,502 | 98.1 | 1,218,990 | 98.6 | 1,369,963 | 98.2 | 799,991 | 98.1 | 4252 | 97.9 |
| Positive | 21,606 | 1.4 | 161 | 1.5 | 15,027 | 1.2 | 20,656 | 1.5 | 13,715 | 1.7 | 78 | 1.8 |
| FBG (mg/dl) | ||||||||||||
| ≤109 | 1,419,595 | 88.7 | 9696 | 90.6 | 1,139,000 | 92.1 | 1,232,504 | 88.4 | 682,741 | 83.7 | 3634 | 83.7 |
| 110–125 | 113,815 | 7.1 | 620 | 5.8 | 64,478 | 5.2 | 96,055 | 6.9 | 75,303 | 9.2 | 406 | 9.4 |
| ≥ 126 | 66,151 | 4.1 | 382 | 3.6 | 32,979 | 2.7 | 65,203 | 4.7 | 57,256 | 7.0 | 297 | 6.8 |
| ALT (U/L) | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 40 | 1,398,859 | 87.4 | 9741 | 91.0 | 1,118,041 | 90.4 | 1,240,180 | 88.9 | 704,316 | 86.3 | 3744 | 86.2 |
| ≥ 41 | 200,160 | 12.5 | 952 | 8.9 | 117,872 | 9.5 | 153,065 | 11.0 | 110,770 | 13.6 | 592 | 13.6 |
| AST (U/L) | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 40 | 1,503,911 | 94.0 | 10,143 | 94.7 | 1,176,507 | 95.1 | 1,308,466 | 93.8 | 756,223 | 92.7 | 4006 | 92.3 |
| ≥ 41 | 95,067 | 5.9 | 550 | 5.1 | 59,381 | 4.8 | 84,748 | 6.1 | 58,846 | 7.2 | 330 | 7.6 |
| GGT (U/L) | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 76 | 1,390,121 | 86.9 | 9753 | 91.1 | 1,116,748 | 90.3 | 1,227,843 | 88.1 | 693,977 | 85.1 | 3723 | 85.7 |
| ≥ 77 | 209,383 | 13.1 | 943 | 8.8 | 119,655 | 9.7 | 165,840 | 11.9 | 121,301 | 14.9 | 611 | 14.1 |
| SBP/DBP (mmHg) | ||||||||||||
| < 120/< 80 | 485,700 | 30.4 | 3903 | 36.5 | 435,776 | 35.2 | 455,308 | 32.7 | 222,987 | 27.3 | 1071 | 24.7 |
| 120–129/< 80 | 161,109 | 10.1 | 1039 | 9.7 | 129,737 | 10.5 | 139,896 | 10.0 | 79,361 | 9.7 | 415 | 9.6 |
| 130–139/80–89 | 574,283 | 35.9 | 3905 | 36.5 | 445,243 | 36.0 | 486,650 | 34.9 | 285,704 | 35.0 | 1448 | 33.3 |
| 140–179/90–119 | 370,226 | 23.1 | 1808 | 16.9 | 221,302 | 17.9 | 303,877 | 21.8 | 221,020 | 27.1 | 1356 | 31.2 |
| ≥ 180/≥ 120 | 8479 | 0.5 | 49 | 0.5 | 4588 | 0.4 | 8420 | 0.6 | 6447 | 0.8 | 50 | 1.2 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||||||
| < 39 | 239,970 | 15.0 | 1696 | 15.8 | 193,948 | 15.7 | 206,954 | 14.8 | 110,153 | 13.5 | 501 | 11.5 |
| 40–59 | 1,164,484 | 72.8 | 7908 | 73.9 | 918,273 | 74.2 | 1,007,390 | 72.2 | 578,934 | 71.0 | 3021 | 69.6 |
| ≥ 60 | 195,302 | 12.2 | 1100 | 10.3 | 124,391 | 10.1 | 179,768 | 12.9 | 126,398 | 15.5 | 817 | 18.8 |
| Smoking (Pack-Year) | ||||||||||||
| 0–10 | 1,100,425 | 68.8 | 6986 | 65.3 | 756,134 | 61.1 | 978,831 | 70.2 | 603,693 | 74.0 | 3318 | 76.4 |
| 10–19 | 355,899 | 22.2 | 2929 | 27.4 | 377,074 | 30.5 | 301,563 | 21.6 | 140,366 | 17.2 | 704 | 16.2 |
| ≥ 20 | 106,885 | 6.7 | 651 | 6.1 | 83,595 | 6.8 | 94,051 | 6.7 | 55,846 | 6.8 | 244 | 5.6 |
| Physical activity (≥ 1/week) | ||||||||||||
| None | 95,722 | 6.0 | 909 | 8.5 | 85,766 | 6.9 | 116,088 | 8.3 | 59,451 | 7.3 | 485 | 11.2 |
| Intermittent | 1,232,933 | 77.1 | 8543 | 79.8 | 967,274 | 78.2 | 1,103,328 | 79.1 | 640,035 | 78.5 | 3378 | 77.8 |
| Continent | 251,162 | 15.7 | 1104 | 10.3 | 167,308 | 13.5 | 149,581 | 10.7 | 102,592 | 12.6 | 370 | 8.5 |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||||||||
| None | 525,019 | 32.8 | 3709 | 34.6 | 384,881 | 31.1 | 504,145 | 36.2 | 304,798 | 37.4 | 1773 | 40.8 |
| < 5 [4] drinks per week | 233,516 | 14.6 | 1668 | 15.6 | 182,688 | 14.8 | 203,421 | 14.6 | 113,581 | 13.9 | 567 | 13.1 |
| < 5 [4] drinks twice a week | 368,552 | 23.0 | 2658 | 24.8 | 332,383 | 26.9 | 283,673 | 20.3 | 147,609 | 18.1 | 685 | 15.8 |
| ≥ 5 [4] drinks twice a week | 99,230 | 6.2 | 539 | 5.0 | 70,667 | 5.7 | 75,629 | 5.4 | 47,835 | 5.9 | 203 | 4.7 |
All data represent number of patients (percent) or mean (standard deviation). Physical activity, none/intermittent (less than once per week) and continuous (more than once per week) over the decade; BMI, body mass index; FBG, Fasting blood glucose; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase: GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; SBP/DBP, systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure.