Fig. 3. Circadian rhythm disturbance decreases antioxidant expression and mitochondrial biogenesis, but increases apoptotic protein expression.

Representative Western blot analyses reveal (A-D) decreased catalase and superoxide dismutase type 2 (SOD2) levels with no significant change in superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1) levels. (E-G) Increased apoptotic protein expression was observed. (H-K) Decreased expression of major proteins in the electron transport chain and (L-O) proteins governing mitochondrial biogenesis was presented. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. RCR, regular circadian rhythm; ICR, irregular circadian rhythm; Bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl2 associated X; NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; SDHB, succinate dehydrogenase subunit B; COX-I, cytochrome oxidase (COX) subunit I; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha; Tfam, mitochondrial transcription factor A. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 as determined using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc analyses (n = 6).