Fig. 5. EXT increased antioxidant expression, decreased apoptotic protein activity, and enhanced expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.

Western blot analyses reveal (A-D) increased antioxidant levels stimulated a (E-G) decrease in apoptotic protein expression. (H-K) Results exhibit heightened expression of proteins involved in the electron transport chain and (L-O) proteins governing mitochondrial biogenesis. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. EXT, endurance exercise training; SED, sedentary; RCR, regular circadian rhythm; ICR, irregular circadian rhythm; SOD1 & 2, superoxide dismutase type 1 & 2; Bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl2 associated X; NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; SDHB, succinate dehydrogenase subunit B; COX-I, cytochrome oxidase (COX) subunit I; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha; Tfam, mitochondrial transcription factor A. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 as determined using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc analyses (n = 6).