TABLE 2.
Biomarkers before and after the intervention period in all participants who started the study
| Exercise group (n = 34a) |
Control group (n = 6) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Baseline | Week 4 | Baseline | Week 4 | SDb | HIIT × time p value |
| Weight (kg) | 101.18 | 101.34 | 90.85 | 91.64 | 18.17 | 0.496 |
| BMI extended z score | 3.17 | 3.14 | 2.39 | 2.42 | 1.10 | 0.397 |
| Body fat percent (%) | 45.35 | 45.19 | 44.14 | 44.05 | 6.18 | 0.921 |
| LBM (kg) | 52.02 | 52.04 | 48.39 | 48.62 | 9.35 | 0.801 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 95.78 | 95.85 | 72.99 | 82.06 | 28.66 | 0.185 |
| IHTG (%) | 5.26 | 4.96 | 8.97 | 8.15 | 3.96 | 0.363 |
| CAP score (dB/m) | 279.18 | 251.57c | 280.83 | 264.67 | 35.48 | 0.554 |
| LSM score (kPa) | 5.3 | 5.56 | 5.19 | 6.41 | 1.59 | 0.186 |
| VO2 peak (mL/min/kg per LBM) | 40.36 | 40.93 | 42.88 | 44.41 | 7.23 | 0.663 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 92 | 91.65 | 88.85 | 91.02 | 8.78 | 0.317 |
| 2-h glucose (mg/dL) | 116.13 | 104.59c | 104.17 | 99.92 | 25.45 | 0.333 |
| Fasting insulin (uIU/mL) | 37.99 | 35.85 | 24.57 | 28.86 | 22.41 | 0.387 |
| 2-h insulin (uIU/mL) | 221.9 | 217.15 | 62.55 | 77.88 | 199.47 | 0.747 |
| HOMA-IR | 8.69 | 8.28 | 5.29 | 6.4 | 5.46 | 0.433 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 149.97 | 146.26c | 152.55 | 147.72c | 27.07 | 0.642 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 41.33 | 40.33c | 44.85 | 44.26 | 8.76 | 0.532 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 95.12 | 91.68c | 94.82 | 93.01 | 21.19 | 0.402 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 104.56 | 104.61 | 111.86 | 96.71 | 47.26 | 0.199 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 20.13 | 19.6 | 29.76 | 29.48 | 17.66 | 0.822 |
| AST (IU/L) | 21.29 | 20.43 | 27.6 | 27.34 | 19.4 | 0.694 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 5.31 | 4.99 | 4.66 | 5.11 | 2.32 | 0.096 |
| Leptin (pg/mL) | 66.32 | 71.36 | 61.09 | 69.91 | 41.05 | 0.622 |
| FGF-21 (pg/mL) | 225.64 | 203.49 | 277.62 | 356.32 | 187.02 | 0.212 |
Note: All parameters were estimated within the repeated-measures ANCOVA/ANOVA model.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IHTG, intrahepatic triglyceride; LBM, lean body mass; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LSM, liver stiffness measurement; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; VO2, maximum rate of oxygen consumption.
Three participants did not provide week 4 values.
SD is the square root of the mean square error from the model; assumed equal for both arms at both time points.
Indicates that the week 4 mean within the group is significantly different from the baseline mean. An expanded version of this table, including data for the BMI and BMI percentiles, can be found in Supporting Information Table S1.