Table 1.

Comparative analysis of existing approaches and the proposed approach in metaverse environments.

Ref.	QAR	Hash function	MSM	Authority	Limitation
6	✗	✓	✗	Fully Trusted	A single verification authority across multiple independent platforms create a potential bottleneck, hindering scalability and efficiency
7	✗	✓	✗	Fully Trusted	Person-to-person authentication systems that utilize a trusted intermediary for user information storage present privacy risks
8	✗	✓	✗	Partially Trusted	Redundant authority used as certificate authority and platform server authority
13	✗	✓	✓	Fully Trusted	Not quantum-safe, and network communication costs is high
Proposed	✓	✗	✓	Untrusted, Multiple	Significant research gap exists in the current studies to protect from quantum attack. Therefore we propose a nobel MSSA framwork for metaverse authentication.

*QAR: Quantum Attack Resistance. *MSM: Multiple Space in a Metaverse.

✓: Considered, ✗: Not Considered.