Table 2.

Unstandardized coefficients (b) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between teacher distress and internalizing symptoms by elementary (n = 14,665) and secondary students (n = 8,903)

	Model 11		Model 22
	Elementary b (95% CI); p-value	Secondary b (95% CI); p-value	Elementary b (95% CI); p-value	Secondary b (95% CI); p-value
Teacher distress	0.02 (< 0.01, 0.04); p = 0.03	0.03 (<-0.01, 0.06); p = 0.12	0.08 (<-0.01, 0.16); p = 0.06	0.02 (-0.12, 0.16); p = 0.77
Student age (years)	0.34 (0.27, 0.41); p < 0.001	0.25 (0.17, 0.33); p < 0.001	0.27 (0.21, 0.34); p < 0.001	0.35 (0.27, 0.43); p < 0.001
Student gender
Female	1.43 (1.29, 1.56); p < 0.001	2.62 (2.41, 2.82); p < 0.001	1.43 (1.31, 1.56); p < 0.001	2.46 (2.26, 2.67); p < 0.001
Male (reference)
Race or cultural group
White (reference)
East, Southeast, South Asian	-0.17 (-0.38, 0.04); p = 0.12	-0.17 (-0.50, 0.16); p = 0.31	-0.13 (-0.32, 0.07); p = 0.02	-0.33 (-0.65, -0.02); p = 0.04
Black	-0.61 -0.93, -0.29); p < 0.001	-0.57 (-1.02, -0.12); p = 0.01	-0.76 (-1.06, -0.45); p < 0.00	-0.99 (-1.43, -0.56); p < 0.001
Other/Multiracial	0.22 (0.06, 0.41); p = 0.02	0.48 (0.20, 0.76); p < 0.001	0.007 (-0.17, 0.18); p = 0.60	0.29 (-0.02, 0.56); p = 0.04
Family assets	-0.36 (-0.86, 0.14); p = 0.16	-0.40 (-1.41, 0.60); p = 0.43	-0.08 (-0.39, 0.22); p = 0.54	-0.16 (-1.16, 0.68); p = 0.74
Classroom size
1–5	0.29 (-2.11, 2.67); p = 0.81	0.14 (-0.52, 0.80); p = 0.68	0.73 (-1.44, 2.91); p = 0.47	-0.13 (-0.76, 0.50); p = 0.97
16–20	0.17 (-0.34, 0.68); p = 0.51	0.32 (-0.03, 0.66); p = 0.07	0.38 (-0.11, 0.86); p = 0.16	0.20 (-0.13, 0.53); p = 0.23
21–25	0.12 (-0.05, 0.30); p = 0.17	0.20 (-0.09, 0.48); p = 0.17	0.01 (-0.15, 0.18); p = 0.69	-0.09 (-0.18, 0.36); p = 0.52
26–30 (reference)
31+	-0.14 (-0.45, 0.17); p = 0.39	0.23 (-0.21, 0.67); p = 0.31	-0.12 (-0.41, 0.18); p = 0.27	0.26 (-0.16, 0.68); p = 0.22
School SES2	-0.01 (-0.01, < 0.01); p = 0.10	< 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01); p = 0.94	-0.002 (-0.01, 0.01); p = 0.71	< 0.00 (<-0.01, 0.02); p = 0.45
School urbanity	-0.05 (-0.36, 0.25); p = 0.74	0.11 (-0.32, 0.54); p = 0.62	-0.09 (-0.39, 0.22); p = 0.83	0.08 (-0.33, 0.48); p = 0.71
School safety			-0.44 (-0.47, -0.41); p < 0.001	-0.40 (-0.44, -0.35); p < 0.001
School safety*teacher distress			-0.01 (-0.01, <-0.00); p = 0.06	< 0.01 (<-0.01, 0.01); p = 0.97

¹Model adjusted for student age, student gender, student race or cultural group, family assets, classroom size, school socioeconomic status, school urbanicity

²Model adjusted for student age, student gender, student race or cultural group, family assets, classroom size, school socioeconomic status, and school urbanicity with the addition of the main effect for school safety and an interaction term for school safety and teacher distress

CI: confidence interval; b: unstandardized coefficient; SES: socioeconomic status