Table 2.
Multivariate cox proportional hazards analysis of the development cohort.
| Covariates | N | Mortality | IRa | HR (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | p- value | Model 2c | p- value | B regression coefficient | Point | |||||
| Sex | Men | 65,816 | 43,374 (65.9%) | 25.6 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1(Ref.) | |||
| Women | 30,439 | 14,867 (48.8%) | 14.5 | 0.60 (0.59–0.61) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.71–0.74) | <0.001 | −0.0965 | −5 | |
| Age | 19–44 | 3,538 | 1,408 (39.8%) | 10.6 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1(Ref.) | |||
| 45–64 | 37,428 | 17,887 (47.8%) | 14.0 | 1.29 (1.22–1.36) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.23–1.38) | <0.001 | 0.0753 | 4 | |
| ≥65 | 55,289 | 38,946 (70.4%) | 29.6 | 2.55 (2.41–2.69) | <0.001 | 2.32 (2.19–2.45) | <0.001 | 0.2667 | 15 | |
| Smoking status | Non | 69,916 | 39,110 (55.9%) | 18.4 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1(Ref.) | |||
| Current | 26,339 | 19,131 (72.6%) | 32.1 | 1.63 (1.60–1.66) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.33–1.38) | <0.001 | 0.088 | 5 | |
| Alcohol consumption | No | 77,386 | 45,401 (58.7%) | 20.1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1(Ref.) | |||
| Yes | 18,869 | 12,840 (68.1%) | 27.5 | 1.31 (1.28–1.33) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | <0.001 | 0.0226 | 1 | |
| Exercise | Non | 60,011 | 38,093 (63.5%) | 23.5 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1(Ref.) | |||
| Regular | 36,244 | 20,148 (55.6%) | 18.3 | 0.80 (0.79–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.85 (0.83–0.86) | <0.001 | −0.0539 | −3 | |
| Income | Others | 79,417 | 47,632 (60.0%) | 21.0 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1(Ref.) | |||
| Low | 16,838 | 10,609 (63.0%) | 23.1 | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | <0.001 | 0.0221 | 1 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | <18.5 | 4,672 | 3,369 (72.1%) | 31.4 | 1.37 (1.32–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.12–1.21) | <0.001 | 0.0588 | 3 |
| 18.5–25 | 62,828 | 38,580 (61.4%) | 22.0 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1(Ref.) | ||||
| ≥25 | 28,755 | 16,292 (56.7%) | 18.9 | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) | <0.001 | −0.0349 | −2 | |
| Treatment | None | 33,927 | 21,485 (63.3%) | 26.4 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1(Ref.) | |||
| Chemotherapy | 7,652 | 6,262 (81.8%) | 36.8 | 1.24 (1.21–1.28) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.21–1.28) | <0.001 | 0.2067 | 11 | |
| Surgery | 15,381 | 2,525 (16.4%) | 3.7 | 0.15 (0.14–0.16) | <0.001 | 0.16 (0.16–0.17) | <0.001 | −0.3975 | −22 | |
| Radiation | 16,092 | 13,086 (81.3%) | 42.3 | 1.43 (1.40–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.22–1.28) | <0.001 | 0.1585 | 9 | |
| Surgery + chemotherapy | 2,136 | 770 (36.1%) | 8.5 | 0.34 (0.31–0.36) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.34–0.39) | <0.001 | −0.2082 | −12 | |
| Surgery + radiation | 4,863 | 2,199 (45.2%) | 12.3 | 0.48 (0.46–0.50) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.43–0.47) | <0.001 | −0.1589 | −9 | |
| Chemotherapy + radiation | 12,358 | 10,177 (82.4%) | 32.3 | 1.09 (1.07–1.12) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.17–1.23) | <0.001 | 0.2484 | 14 | |
| Surgery + chemotherapy + radiation | 3,846 | 1,737 (45.2%) | 11.1 | 0.43 (0.41–0.46) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.46–0.51) | <0.001 | −0.1037 | −6 | |
| Number of chronic diseases | 0 | 2,273 | 1,014 (44.6%) | 12.6 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | |||
| 1 | 5,940 | 3,011 (50.7%) | 15.3 | 1.20 (1.11–1.28) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | 0.1 | 0.0181 | 1 | |
| 2 | 9,203 | 5,013 (54.5%) | 17.5 | 1.34 (1.26–1.44) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | 0 | 0.0297 | 2 | |
| 3 | 11,614 | 6,680 (57.5%) | 19.3 | 1.48 (1.38–1.58) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.11–1.26) | <0.001 | 0.0408 | 2 | |
| 4 | 12,820 | 7,509 (58.6%) | 20.1 | 1.53 (1.43–1.64) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.12–1.28) | <0.001 | 0.0444 | 2 | |
| ≥5 | 54,405 | 35,014 (64.4%) | 24.3 | 1.81 (1.70–1.93) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.22–1.39) | <0.001 | 0.0716 | 4 | |
| Emergency room visit | No | 65,683 | 35,307 (53.8%) | 17.9 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1(Ref.) | |||
| Yes | 30,572 | 22,934 (75.0%) | 30.7 | 1.56 (1.54–1.59) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.26–1.31) | <0.001 | 0.1303 | 7 | |
HR, hazard ratio; IR, incidence rate. aIncidence per 1,000 person-years. bModel 1 was not adjusted. cModel 1 was not adjusted.