Table II.
Cutoff values and accuracy for predicting falls
| Author (year) | Fall monitoring | Falling groups | Predictor | Cutoff | AUC | Sens | Spec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period | Setting | |||||||
| Alenazi et al. (15) | 42 weeks | Community | ≥ 2 falls (n = 24) vs 1 or no fall (n = 157) | FRT | 18.15 | 0.66 | 76% | 56% |
| PHQ-9 | 2.5 | 0.62 | 60% | 65% | ||||
| Alzayer et al. (16) | Last 6 months | Community | ≥ 2 falls (n = 10) vs 1 or no fall (n = 34) | BBS | 52 | 0.67 | 90% | 41% |
| An et al. (17) | Last 12 months | Unclear | ≥ 2 falls (n = 44) vs non-faller (n = 28) | POMA | 12.5 | 0.78 | 72% | 74% |
| An et al. (18) | Last 6 months | Unclear | Faller (n = 25) vs non-faller (n = 32) | DGI-4 | 9.5 | 0.77 | 68% | 59% |
| DGI-8 | 16.5 | 0.78 | 60% | 72% | ||||
| Belgen et al. (19) | Last 6 months | Community | ≥ 2 falls (n = 11) vs 1 or no fall (n = 39) | BBS | 52 | 0.72 | 91% | 42% |
| Faller (n = 20) vs non-faller (n = 30) | Swedish FES | 17.5 | 0.71 | 90% | 53% | |||
| Beninato et al. (20) | Last 6 months | Community | ≥ 2 falls (n = 9) vs 1 or no fall (n = 18) | ABC Scale | 81.1 | 0.92 | 100% | 72% |
| BBS | 49 | 0.76 | 78% | 72% | ||||
| SIS-16 | 61.7 | 0.86 | 78% | 89% | ||||
| STS | 17.9 | 0.66 | 67% | 72% | ||||
| Faria-Fortini et al. (21) | Last 6 months | Community | Faller (n = 42) vs non-faller (n = 63) | FES-International | 28 | 0.71 | 71% | 57% |
| Fiedorová et al. (22) | 6 months | Community | Faller (n = 32) vs non-faller (n = 52) | BBS | 35 | 0.66 | 44% | 89% |
| BBS | 42 | 0.62 | 56% | 67% | ||||
| FES-International | 27 | 0.69 | 81% | 56% | ||||
| FES-International | 29 | 0.68 | 72% | 64% | ||||
| SOT | 60 | 0.69 | 72% | 65% | ||||
| Huo et al. (23) | Last 12 months | Unclear | Faller (n = 7) vs no-faller (n = 20) | P-RT | 626 | 0.77 | 86% | 70% |
| Kızılkaya et al. (24) | Last 6 months | Unclear | Unclear | Turkish FAB | 21.5 | 0.75 | 84% | 61% |
| Lee et al. (25) | During hospital stay | Hospital | Faller (n = 44) vs non-faller (n = 183) | MFS | 32.5 | 0.61 | 79% | 38% |
| TUG | 18.58 | 0.69 | 78% | 55% | ||||
| Maeda et al. (26) | During hospital stay | Hospital | Faller (n = 27) vs non-faller (n = 45) | BBS | 29 | 0.81 | 80% | 78% |
| Park et al. (27) | Unclear | Community | Faller (n = 35) vs non-faller (n = 64) | ABC Scale | 63.75 | 0.69 | 41% | 92% |
| Korean FES | 66.5 | 0.68 | 70% | 64% | ||||
| Persson et al. (28) | 12 months | Unclear | Faller (n = 46) vs non-faller (n = 50) | 10MWT | 12 | 0.74 | 80% | 58% |
| BBS | 42 | 0.69 | 69% | 65% | ||||
| M-MAS UAS-95 | 50 | 0.72 | 74% | 58% | ||||
| SwePASS | 32 | 0.73 | 82% | 50% | ||||
| TUG | 15 | 0.7 | 63% | 58% | ||||
| Pinto et al. (29) | Last 12 months | Community | Faller (n = 56) vs non-faller (n = 94) | TUG | 25 | 0.66 | 36% | 90% |
| Sahin et al. (30) | Last 12 months | Unclear | Faller (n = 26) vs non-faller (n = 24) | ABC Scale | 55.31 | 0.78 | 75% | 81% |
| BBS | 46.5 | 0.81 | 75% | 77% | ||||
| BESTest | 69.44 | 0.84 | 75% | 85% | ||||
| Takatori et al. (31) | 3 months | Hospital | ≥ 2 falls (n = 15) vs 1 or no fall (n = 45) | EED | 6.3 | 0.8 | 80% | 78% |
| Takatori et al. (32) | 5 months | Hospital | Faller (n = 37) vs non-faller (n = 39) | EED | 6.1 | 0.7 | 69% | 82% |
| ≥ 2 falls (n = 21) vs 1 or no fall (n = 55) | EED | 6.3 | 0.8 | 81% | 78% | |||
| Tsang et al. (33) | Last 12 months | Community | Faller (n = 25) vs non-faller (n = 81) | BBS | 50.5 | 0.72 | 52% | 80% |
| FRT | 24.1 | 0.67 | 52% | 74% | ||||
| Mini-BESTest | 17.5 | 0.64 | 64% | 64% | ||||
| OLS: nonparetic side | 3.6 | 0.64 | 40% | 84% | ||||
| OLS: paretic side | 0.9 | 0.67 | 56% | 78% | ||||
| TUG | 19 | 0.66 | 61% | 67% | ||||
| Yamasaki et al. (34) | 1 month | Hospital | Faller (n = 10) vs non-faller (n = 23) | STV | 6.35 | 0.84 | 80% | 74% |
| Zou et al. (35) | 12 months | Hospital | Faller (n = 9) vs non-faller (n = 21) | Turn duration | 4 | 0.75 | 67% | 80% |
| Turn step | 7 | 0.73 | 56% | 85% | ||||
AUC: area under the curve; Sens: sensitivity; Spec: specificity; FRT: Functional Reach Test; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; BBS: Berg Balance Scale; POMA: Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment; DGI: Dynamic Gait Index; FES: Falls Efficacy Scale; ABC Scale: Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale; SIS: Stroke Impact Scale; STS: Five Times Sit to Stand Test; SOT: Sensory Organization Test; P-RT: Probe Reaction Time; FAB: Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale; MFS: Morse Fall Scale; TUG: Timed Up and Go; 10MWT: 10 Meter Walk Test; M-MAS UAS-95: Modified Motor Assessment Scale Uppsala Akademiska Sjukhus; SwePASS: Swedish version of the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke patients; BESTest: Balance Evaluation Systems Test; EED: error in estimated distance; OLS: one-leg standing; STV: stride time variability; FES: Falls Efficacy Scale.