Supplementary Table 1.
PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist
| Section and topic | Item # | Checklist item | Location where the item is reported |
|---|---|---|---|
| Title | |||
| Title | 1 | Identify the report as a systematic review | Page 1, Title Section, Line 1-3 |
| Background | |||
| Objectives | 2 | Provide an explicit statement of the main objective(s) or question(s) the review addresses | Page 1, Abstract Section, Line 8-9 |
| Methods | |||
| Eligibility criteria | 3 | Specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review | Page 1, Abstract Section, Line 10-13 |
| Information sources | 4 | Specify the information sources (e.g., databases and registers) used to identify studies and the date when each was last searched | Page 1, Abstract Section, Line 13-14 |
| Risk of bias | 5 | Specify the methods used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies | Page 1, Abstract Section, Line 14-15 |
| Synthesis of results | 6 | Specify the methods used to present and synthesize results | Page 1, Abstract Section, Line 15 |
| Results | |||
| Included studies | 7 | Give the total number of included studies and participants and summarize relevant characteristics of studies | Page 1, Abstract Section, Line 16-17 |
| Synthesis of results | 8 | Present results for main outcomes, preferably indicating the number of included studies and participants for each. If meta-analysis was done, report the summary estimate and confidence/credible interval. If comparing groups, indicate the direction of the effect (i.e., which group is favored) | Page 1, Abstract Section, Line 17-20 |
| Discussion | |||
| Limitations of evidence | 9 | Provide a brief summary of the limitations of the evidence included in the review (e.g., study risk of bias, inconsistency, and imprecision) | Page 1, Abstract Section, Line 22-23 |
| Interpretation | 10 | Provide a general interpretation of the results and important implications | Page 1, Abstract Section, Line 21-22 |
| Other | |||
| Funding | 11 | Specify the primary source of funding for the review | Page 2, Abstract Section, Line 24-25 |
| Registration | 12 | Provide the register name and registration number | Page 2, Abstract Section, Line 24 |
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| PRISMA 2020 manuscript checklist | |||
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| Title | |||
| Title | 1 | Identify the report as a systematic review | Page 1, Title Section, Line 1-3 |
| Abstract | |||
| Abstract | 2 | See the PRISMA 2020 for the abstract checklist | Page 1-2 |
| Introduction | |||
| Rationale | 3 | Describe the rationale for the review in the context of existing knowledge | Page 3, Introduction Section, Line 34-50 |
| Objectives | 4 | Provide an explicit statement of the objective(s) or question(s) the review addresses | Page 3, Introduction Section, Line 51-53 |
| Methods | |||
| Eligibility criteria | 5 | Specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review and how studies were grouped for the syntheses | Page 4, Material and Methods Section, Line 64-71 |
| Information sources | 6 | Specify all databases, registers, websites, organizations, reference lists, and other sources searched or consulted to identify studies. Specify the date when each source was last searched or consulted | Page 5, Material and Methods Section, Line 83-84 |
| Search strategy | 7 | Present the full search strategies for all databases, registers and websites, including any filters and limits used | Page 5, Material and Methods Section, Line 84-86 +Supplementary files |
| Selection process | 8 | Specify the methods used to decide whether a study met the inclusion criteria of the review, including how many reviewers screened each record and each report retrieved, | Page 5, Search Strategy and Study Selection Section, Line 87-92 |
| whether they worked independently, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process | |||
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| PRISMA 2020 manuscript checklist | |||
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| Data collection process | 9 | Specify the methods used to collect data from reports, including how many reviewers collected data from each report, whether they worked independently, any processes for obtaining or confirming data from study investigators, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process | Page 5, Search Strategy and Study Selection Section, Line 93-98 |
| Data items | 10a | List and define all outcomes for which data were sought. Specify whether all results that were compatible with each outcome domain in each study were sought (e.g., for all measures, time points, and analyses), and if not, the methods used to decide which results to collect | Page 4-5, Data Collection Process Section, Line 72-81 |
| 10b | List and define all other variables for which data were sought (e.g., participant and intervention characteristics and funding sources). Describe any assumptions made about any missing or unclear information | Page 4-5, Data Collection Process Section, Line 72-81 | |
| Study risk of bias assessment | 11 | Specify the methods used to assess risk of bias in the included studies, including details of the tool(s) used, how many reviewers assessed each study and whether they worked independently, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process | Page 5-6, Assessment of Risk Bias Section, Line 99-105 |
| Effect measures | 12 | Specify for each outcome the effect measure(s) (e.g., risk ratio and mean difference) used in the synthesis or presentation of results | Page 6, Effect Measures Section, Line 111-116 |
| Synthesis methods | 13a | Describe the processes used to decide which studies were eligible for each synthesis (e.g., tabulating the study intervention characteristics and comparing against the planned groups for each synthesis (item #5)) | Page 6, Synthesis of Results and Statistical Analysis Section, Line 118-120 |
| 13b | Describe any methods required to prepare the data for presentation or synthesis, such as handling of missing summary statistics, or data conversions | Page 6, Synthesis of Results and Statistical Analysis Section, Line 120-123 | |
| 13c | Describe any methods used to tabulate or visually display the results of individual studies and syntheses | Page 6, Synthesis of Results and Statistical Analysis Section, Line 120-123 | |
| 13d | Describe any methods used to synthesize results and provide a rationale for the choice(s). If meta-analysis was performed, describe the model(s), method(s) to identify the presence and extent of statistical heterogeneity, and software package(s) used | Page 6-7, Synthesis of Results and Statistical Analysis Section, Line 124-129 | |
| 13e | Describe any methods used to explore possible causes of heterogeneity among study results (e.g., subgroup analysis and meta-regression) | N/A | |
| 13f | Describe any sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesized results | Page 6-7, Synthesis of Results and Statistical Analysis Section, Line 125-127 | |
| Reporting bias assessment | 14 | Describe any methods used to assess the risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis (arising from reporting biases) | Page 6, Methods Section, Line 106-110+Supplementary file |
| Certainty assessment | 15 | Describe any methods used to assess certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for an outcome | Page 6, Methods Section, Line 106-110+ Supplementary file |
| Results | |||
| Study selection | 16a | Describe the results of the search and selection process, from the number of records identified in the search to the number of studies included in the review, ideally using a flow diagram | Page 7, PRISMA Section, Line 132-140+ Figure 1 |
| 16b | Cite studies that might appear to meet the inclusion criteria, but which were excluded, and explain why they were excluded | Page 7, PRISMA Section, Line 132-140+ Figure 1 | |
| Study characteristics | 17 | Cite each included study and present its characteristics | Page 12, Results Section, Line 179-192 |
| Risk of bias in studies | 18 | Present assessments of risk of bias for each included study | Page 12, Quality Assessment Section, Line 194-198+Figure 2 |
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| PRISMA 2020 manuscript checklist | |||
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| Results of individual studies | 19 | For all outcomes, present, for each study: (a) summary statistics for each group (where appropriate) and (b) an effect estimate and its precision (e.g., confidence/credible interval), ideally using structured tables or plots | Page 9-11, Table 1 |
| Results of syntheses | 20a | For each synthesis, briefly summarize the characteristics and risk of bias among contributing studies | Page 14, Line 212-232+Figure 3 |
| 20b | Present results of all statistical syntheses conducted. If meta-analysis was done, present for each the summary estimate and its precision (e.g., confidence/credible interval) and measures of statistical heterogeneity. If comparing groups, describe the direction of the effect | Page 14, Line 212-232+Figure 3 | |
| 20c | Present results of all investigations of possible causes of heterogeneity among study results | Page 14, Line 228-232 | |
| 20d | Present results of all sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesized results | N/A | |
| Reporting biases | 21 | Present assessments of risk of bias due to missing results (arising from reporting biases) for each synthesis assessed | Page 13, Line 204-211 + Supplementary file |
| Certainty of evidence | 22 | Present assessments of certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for each outcome assessed | Page 13, Line 204-211+Supplementary file |
| Discussion | |||
| Discussion | 23a | Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence | Page 17-19, Discussion Section, Line 253-322 |
| 23b | Discuss any limitations of the evidence included in the review | Page 20, Strengths and Limitation Section, Line 324-328 | |
| 23c | Discuss any limitations of the review processes used | Page 20, Strengths and Limitation Section, Line 324-328 | |
| 23d | Discuss the implications of the results for practice, policy, and future research | Page 20, Conclusion Section, Line 328-329 | |
| Other information | |||
| Registration and protocol | 24a | Provide registration information for the review, including register name and registration number, or state that the review was not registered | Page 2, Line 24 |
| 24b | Indicate where the review protocol can be accessed, or state that a protocol was not prepared | Page 2, Line 24 | |
| 24c | Describe and explain any amendments to information provided at registration or in the protocol | N/A | |
| Support | 25 | Describe sources of financial or nonfinancial support for the review, and the role of the funders or sponsors in the review | Page 20, Line 337 |
| Competing interests | 26 | Declare any competing interests of review authors | Page 20, Line 338 |
| Availability of data, code, and other materials | 27 | Report which of the following are publicly available and where they can be found: template data collection forms; data extracted from included studies; data used for all analyses; analytic code; and any other materials used in the review | Data are publicly available and can be found in the articles of included studies |
*N/A: Not available. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372:n71