Table 3.
Association between the epidemiological profile of Brazilian patients hospitalized due to severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the influenza virus who presented co-detection by other respiratory viruses and the outcomes after hospitalization.
| Marker | Group | Death | Hospital discharge | Total | p-value | OR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influenza A virus | Yes | 28 (7.0%) | 372 (93.0%) | 400 | 1.000 | 1.08 (0.41–2.90) |
| No | 5 (6.5%) | 72 (93.5%) | 77 | Reference | ||
| Influenza B virus | Yes | 5 (6.5%) | 72 (93.5%) | 77 | 1.000 | 0.92 (0.34–2.47) |
| No | 28 (7.0%) | 372 (93.0%) | 400 | Reference | ||
| Adenovirus | Yes | 3 (4.7%) | 61 (95.3%) | 64 | 0.601 | 0.63 (0.12–2.12) |
| No | 30 (7.3%) | 383 (92.7%) | 413 | Reference | ||
| Bocavirus | Yes | 4 (25.0%) | 12 (75.0%) | 16 | 0.019 | 4.94 (1.09–17.66) |
| No | 29 (6.3%) | 432 (93.7%) | 461 | Reference | ||
| Metapneumovirus | Yes | 4 (22.2%) | 14 (77.8%) | 18 | 0.029 | 4.21 (0.95–14.60) |
| No | 29 (6.3%) | 430 (93.7%) | 459 | Reference | ||
| Parainfluenza virus type 1 | Yes | 3 (5.9%) | 48 (94.1%) | 51 | 1.000 | 0.83 (0.16–2.81) |
| No | 30 (7.0%) | 396 (93.0%) | 426 | Reference | ||
| Parainfluenza virus type 2 | Yes | 1 (5.9%) | 16 (94.1%) | 17 | 1.000 | 0.84 (0.02–5.73) |
| No | 32 (7.0%) | 428 (93.0%) | 460 | Reference | ||
| Parainfluenza virus type 3 | Yes | 3 (12.0%) | 22 (88.0%) | 25 | 0.404 | 1.92 (0.35–6.94) |
| No | 30 (6.6%) | 422 (93.4%) | 452 | Reference | ||
| Parainfluenza virus type 4 | Yes | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (100.0%) | 7 | 1.000 | Not applicable |
| No | 33 (7.0%) | 437 (93.0%) | 470 | - | ||
| Rhinovirus | Yes | 9 (13.4%) | 58 (86.6%) | 67 | 0.035 | 2.50 (1.11–5.63) |
| No | 24 (5.9%) | 386 (94.1%) | 410 | Reference | ||
| Respiratory syncytial virus | Yes | 10 (4.0%) | 243 (96.0%) | 253 | 0.007 | 0.36 (0.17–0.77) |
| No | 23 (10.3%) | 201 (89.7%) | 224 | Reference | ||
| Number of co-infections | One virus | 30 (6.8%) | 411 (93.2%) | 441 | Reference | |
| Two viruses | 2 (6.5%) | 29 (93.5%) | 31 | 1.000 | 0.95 (0.10–4.05) | |
| Three viruses | 1 (20.0%) | 4 (80.0%) | 5 | 0.607 | 3.41 (0.07–35.90) | |
| Number of co-infections (grouped) | One virus | 30 (6.8%) | 411 (93.2%) | 441 | Reference | |
| +2 (two or three viruses) | 3 (8.3%) | 33 (91.7%) | 36 | 0.925 | 1.25 (0.36–4.30) | |
| Gender | Male | 17 (7.0%) | 225 (93.0%) | 242 | 1.000 | 1.03 (0.51–2.10) |
| Female | 16 (6.8%) | 219 (93.2%) | 235 | Reference | ||
| Age (years of age) | <24 | 9 (2.7%) | 321 (97.3%) | 330 | <0.001 | 0.18 (0.07–0.48) |
| 25 to 60 | 9 (13.2%) | 59 (86.8%) | 68 | Reference | ||
| >61 | 15 (19.0%) | 64 (81.0%) | 79 | 0.473 | 1.54 (0.62–3.78) | |
| Race | White people | 12 (4.1%) | 283 (95.9%) | 295 | <0.001 | Reference |
| Other racesa | 21 (11.5%) | 161 (88.5%) | 182 | 3.08 (1.48–6.42) | ||
| Place of residence | Urban | 30 (6.5%) | 431 (93.5%) | 461 | 0.091 | 0.30 (0.08–1.12) |
| Rural + peri-urban | 3 (18.8%) | 13 (81.2%) | 16 | Reference | ||
| Nosocomial infection | Yes | 1 (6.7%) | 14 (93.3%) | 15 | 1.000 | 0.96 (0.02–6.71) |
| No | 32 (6.9%) | 430 (93.1%) | 462 | Reference | ||
| Fever | Yes | 23 (6.1%) | 352 (93.9%) | 375 | 0.269 | 0.60 (0.28–1.31) |
| No | 10 (9.8%) | 92 (90.2%) | 102 | Reference | ||
| Cough | Yes | 27 (6.2%) | 405 (93.8%) | 432 | 0.112 | 0.43 (0.17–1.11) |
| No | 6 (13.3%) | 39 (86.7%) | 45 | Reference | ||
| Sore throat | Yes | 6 (8.7%) | 63 (91.3%) | 69 | 0.606 | 1.34 (0.53–3.39) |
| No | 27 (6.6%) | 381 (93.4%) | 408 | Reference | ||
| Dyspnea | Yes | 30 (8.0%) | 346 (92.0%) | 376 | 0.119 | 2.83 (0.85–14.78) |
| No | 3 (3.0%) | 98 (97.0%) | 101 | Reference | ||
| Respiratory discomfort | Yes | 28 (7.6%) | 340 (92.4%) | 368 | 0.297 | 1.71 (0.65–4.55) |
| No | 5 (4.6%) | 104 (95.4%) | 109 | Reference | ||
| Peripheral oxygen saturation | <95% | 25 (6.8%) | 340 (93.2%) | 365 | 1.000 | 0.96 (0.42–2.18) |
| ≥95% | 8 (7.1%) | 104 (92.9%) | 112 | Reference | ||
| Diarrhea | Yes | 3 (5.8%) | 49 (94.2%) | 52 | 1.000 | 0.81 (0.15–2.75) |
| No | 30 (7.1%) | 395 (92.9%) | 425 | Reference | ||
| Vomit | Yes | 1 (1.4%) | 69 (98.6%) | 70 | 0.069 | 0.17 (<0.01–1.06) |
| No | 32 (7.9%) | 375 (92.1%) | 407 | Reference | ||
| Fatigue and asthenia | Yes | 5 (7.0%) | 66 (93.0%) | 71 | 1.000 | 1.02 (0.38–2.74) |
| No | 28 (6.9%) | 378 (93.1%) | 406 | Reference | ||
| Other clinical signs and symptomsb | Yes | 21 (6.4%) | 305 (93.6%) | 326 | 0.563 | 0.80 (0.38–1.67) |
| No | 12 (7.9%) | 139 (92.1%) | 151 | Reference | ||
| Presence of at least one comorbidity | Yes | 20 (12.0%) | 147 (88.0%) | 167 | 0.002 | 3.11 (1.50–6.42) |
| No | 13 (4.2%) | 297 (95.8%) | 310 | Reference | ||
| Cardiopathy | Yes | 13 (19.1%) | 55 (80.9%) | 68 | <0.001 | 4.60 (2.17–9.76) |
| No | 20 (4.9%) | 389 (95.1%) | 409 | Reference | ||
| Hematological disorder | Yes | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (100.0%) | 6 | 1.000 | Not applicable |
| No | 33 (7.0%) | 438 (93.0%) | 471 | - | ||
| Down syndrome | Yes | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (100.0%) | 3 | 1.000 | Not applicable |
| No | 33 (7.0%) | 441 (93.0%) | 474 | - | ||
| Liver disorder | Yes | 2 (50.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 4 | 0.026 | 14.05 (0.99–199.9) |
| No | 31 (6.6%) | 442 (93.4%) | 473 | Reference | ||
| Asthma | Yes | 0 (0.0%) | 40 (100.0%) | 40 | 0.098 | Not applicable |
| No | 33 (7.6%) | 404 (92.4%) | 437 | - | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 6 (17.1%) | 29 (82.9%) | 35 | 0.026 | 3.18 (1.22–8.32) |
| No | 27 (6.1%) | 415 (93.9%) | 442 | Reference | ||
| Neurological disorder | Yes | 3 (13.0%) | 20 (87.0%) | 23 | 0.207 | 2.12 (0.38–7.76) |
| No | 30 (6.6%) | 424 (93.4%) | 454 | Reference | ||
| Chronic respiratory disorder | Yes | 4 (15.4%) | 22 (84.6%) | 26 | 0.096 | 2.64 (0.62–8.53) |
| No | 29 (6.4%) | 422 (93.6%) | 451 | Reference | ||
| Immunosuppression | Yes | 4 (28.6%) | 10 (71.4%) | 14 | 0.012 | 5.94 (1.29–22.25) |
| No | 29 (6.3%) | 434 (93.7%) | 463 | Reference | ||
| Kidney disorder | Yes | 3 (21.4%) | 11 (78.6%) | 14 | 0.065 | 3.92 (0.67–15.95) |
| No | 30 (6.5%) | 433 (93.5%) | 463 | Reference | ||
| Obesity | Yes | 1 (8.3%) | 11 (91.7%) | 12 | 0.581 | 1.23 (0.03–8.96) |
| No | 32 (6.9%) | 433 (93.1%) | 465 | Reference | ||
| Other comorbidities | Yes | 11 (19.3%) | 46 (80.7%) | 57 | 0.001 | 4.33 (1.97–9.49) |
| No | 22 (5.2%) | 398 (94.8%) | 420 | Reference | ||
| Antivirals to treat the flu symptomsc | Yes | 11 (8.0%) | 126 (92.0%) | 137 | 0.553 | 1.26 (0.59–2.68) |
| No | 22 (6.5%) | 318 (93.5%) | 340 | Reference | ||
| Need for an intensive care unit | Yes | 23 (15.6%) | 124 (84.4%) | 147 | <0.001 | 5.94 (2.75–12.83) |
| No | 10 (3.0%) | 320 (97.0%) | 330 | Reference | ||
| Need for ventilatory support | Invasive | 15 (32.6%) | 31 (67.4%) | 46 | <0.001 | 8.01 (3.22–19.95) |
| Non-invasive | 9 (3.3%) | 264 (96.7%) | 273 | 0.34 | 0.56 (0.22–1.45) | |
| Not performed | 9 (5.7%) | 149 (94.3%) | 158 | Reference |
95%CI, 95% confidence interval; %, percentage; N, number of individuals; OR, odds ratio.
a
Other races included the patients self-declared as Black people, Asian individuals, Mixed individuals (Pardos), and Indigenous peoples.
b
Other clinical signs and symptoms summarize all the clinical signs and symptoms that were not listed previously in the dataset.
c
The antiviral therapy was used at the discretion of the attending physician; then it was not indicated based on severe phenotype or the need for ventilatory support. The data were collected in the Open-Data-SUS (https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/). The data comprised the period from December 19, 2019, to April 06, 2023—three years since the beginning of the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic in Brazil. The Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to estimate the distribution of clinical and epidemiological markers with respect to outcomes (death or hospital discharge). The alpha error of 0.05 was considered in the bivariate analyses carried out in the study.