Table 3.
Open Tibia Shaft Fracture Patients Undergoing Surgical Fixation (n=1,190) or Irrigation and Debridement (n=652)
| Variable | Surgical Fixation (n=1,190) | p-value | Irrigation and Debridement (n=652) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients without Surgical Delay (n=1,057) |
Patients with Surgical Delay > 24 hrs (n=133) |
Patients without Surgical Delay (n=530) |
Patients with Surgical Delay > 24 hrs (n=122) |
|||
| Mean Age (SD) | 41.3 (17.4) | 42.6 (18.4) | 0.45 | 41.7 (18.1) | 42.9 (16.1) | 0.50 |
| Age (%) | 0.083 | 0.25 | ||||
| 18-25y | 20.7 | 16.5 | 21.9 | 13.9 | ||
| 26-45y | 41.5 | 45.1 | 39.2 | 46.7 | ||
| 46-65y | 28.4 | 23.3 | 27.9 | 27.9 | ||
| 65-75y | 4.7 | 9.8 | 5.5 | 7.4 | ||
| >75y | 4.6 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 4.1 | ||
| Male (%) | 72.3 | 70.7 | 0.70 | 70.4 | 79.5 | 0.043 |
| Race (%) | 0.19 | 0.36 | ||||
| White | 62.9 | 54.9 | 59.4 | 54.1 | ||
| Black | 32.6 | 39.1 | 35.1 | 41.8 | ||
| Other | 4.4 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 4.1 | ||
| Uninsured (%) | 11.0 | 8.3 | 0.34 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 0.70 |
| Trauma Center Level (%) | 0.046 | 0.34 | ||||
| 1 | 48.7 | 57.9 | 59.2 | 63.9 | ||
| 2 | 51.3 | 42.1 | 40.8 | 36.1 | ||
| Injury Severity Score (%) | 0.002 | 0.014 | ||||
| 5-15 | 78.1 | 66.2 | 74.0 | 61.5 | ||
| 15-24 | 14.1 | 16.5 | 17.2 | 20.5 | ||
| 24-35 | 5.4 | 12.0 | 5.7 | 11.5 | ||
| >35 | 2.4 | 5.3 | 3.2 | 6.6 | ||
| AIS Head/neck>2 (%) | 7.0 | 16.5 | <0.001 | 8.5 | 14.8 | 0.035 |
| AIS Face>2 (%) | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.014 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.52 |
| AIS Chest>2 (%) | 12.0 | 17.3 | 0.084 | 14.3 | 23.0 | 0.019 |
| AIS Abdomen>2 (%) | 4.2 | 6.8 | 0.17 | 4.9 | 7.4 | 0.27 |
| AIS Extremity>2 (%) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
| AIS External>2 (%) | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.54 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.52 |
| ED Heart Rate (%) | 0.16 | 0.12 | ||||
| 51-120, bpm | 89.3 | 82.7 | 88.7 | 82.0 | ||
| > 120 | 8.7 | 14.3 | 9.1 | 16.4 | ||
| 0-50 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8 | ||
| Missing | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8 | ||
| ED Systolic Blood Pressure (%) | 0.40 | 0.95 | ||||
| > 90, mmHg | 93.8 | 94.7 | 92.6 | 93.4 | ||
| 61-90 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 4.9 | ||
| ≤ 60 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.8 | ||
| Missing | 1.0 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.8 | ||
| Glasgow Coma Scale Motor (%) | 0.050 | 0.43 | ||||
| 1 | 1.8 | 5.3 | 2.3 | 4.9 | ||
| 2-5 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 4.9 | ||
| 6 | 91.8 | 86.5 | 90.4 | 86.9 | ||
| Missing | 2.9 | 4.5 | 2.8 | 3.3 | ||
| Intubated (%) | 7.8 | 15.8 | 0.002 | 9.6 | 16.4 | 0.030 |
| Comorbid diseases (%) | ||||||
| Active chemotherapy | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.081 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.26 |
| Advanced directive limiting care | 0.2 | 2.3 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.75 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 10.9 | 15.0 | 0.15 | 11.1 | 11.5 | 0.91 |
| Angina | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.54 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.037 |
| Bleeding risk | 3.8 | 5.3 | 0.41 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 0.85 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.67 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.36 |
| COPD | 4.0 | 3.0 | 0.59 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 0.36 |
| Chronic renal failure | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.38 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.50 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2.6 | 2.3 | 0.79 | 2.8 | 4.1 | 0.46 |
| Current smoker | 37.7 | 38.3 | 0.88 | 35.7 | 41.8 | 0.20 |
| Dementia | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.91 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.40 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7.1 | 6.0 | 0.64 | 5.8 | 9.8 | 0.11 |
| Disseminated cancer | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.005 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.037 |
| Drug use disorder | 36.2 | 45.1 | 0.046 | 36.4 | 47.5 | 0.023 |
| Functionally dependent health status | 4.8 | 7.5 | 0.18 | 4.7 | 7.4 | 0.23 |
| History of myocardial infarction | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.62 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.50 |
| Hypertension requiring medication | 17.4 | 18.0 | 0.86 | 18.5 | 19.7 | 0.76 |
| Liver disease | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.35 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.90 |
| Major psychiatric illness | 19.9 | 18.0 | 0.62 | 18.1 | 23.0 | 0.22 |
| Obesity | 2.8 | 2.3 | 0.70 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 0.87 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.87 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.85 |
| Steroid use | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.18 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.94 |
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; ED, Emergency Department; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease