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. 2024 Oct 29;14:25902. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-74332-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Histograms of the reflectivity with and without plastics (flood wraps and bags) measured by GNSS-R (L1-band microwaves) at Hs = 9 cm. The signal is transmitted under an elevation angle of 30° with the vertical using right-hand central polarisation (RHCP) and is received both at right- (RHCP, left histogram) and left-hand central polarisation (LHCP, right histogram). The difference (Δ) in statistical parameters: mean, standard deviation, kurtosis and skewness are shown in the figure for the situation with plastics minus the situation without plastics.