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. 2024 Oct 29;15:9357. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53774-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Merits of Fe₁-TiO₂ nanostructures. b Schematic of the setup and reaction and digital image of the mass production of Fe₁-TiO₂/H₂O dispersion with a mass concentration of 5 mg·mL^‒1. c Scanning transmission electron microscopy and elemental maps of Fe₁-TiO₂ nanostructures. d High-resolution transmission electron microscope image of Fe₁-TiO₂ nanostructures. The colored regions represent crystal domains. e Schematic of Fe₁-TiO₂ nanostructures. f, g Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-STEM) image and corresponding geometric phase analysis (GPA) image of crystal domain in Fe₁-TiO₂. h, i Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) of Fe₁-TiO₂ nanostructures performed on AC-STEM. The red dots correspond to the positions of the EELS line scan. The EELS spectra of Ti-L_2,3 edge exhibits two groups of peaks, L₃ and L₂, associated with electronic transitions from initial 2p_3/2 and 2p_1/2 core states to final 3d states in the conduction band. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.