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. 2024 Oct 29;14:25932. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-77284-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Rio de Janeiro Bay from Darwin’s Beagle voyage to nowadays. Clockwise: upper left and top: illustrations from Darwin’s Journal of Researches; right: modern nautical charter of Rio de Janeiro Bay; bottom left: a view from the modern shoreline.