Table 1. Chronological list of the representative clinical observations of mental depression in patients after survival from myocardial infarction or other major cardiac events/procedures.

Author/Journal Information	Number of Cardiac Patients with Mental Health Conditions Studied	Key Clinical Findings
BDI: Beck’s depression inventory; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; MI: myocardial infarction; MDD: major depressive disorder.
Kavanagh, et al., Can Med Assoc J 1975 [2]	101 patients	34% of patients were depressed 16-18 months after MI.
Schleifer, et al., JAMA Internal Medicine 1989 [3]	283 patients	27% met criteria for minor depression and 18% met criteria for MDD. 33% of the patients still had depression 3-4 months later.
Hance, et al., Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1996 [18]	200 patients	The 200 patients were undergoing cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography and received a psychiatric interview. 17% were diagnosed with a current major depressive episode and 17% were diagnosed with a current minor depressive episode. Of the 90% of patients that consented to a 12-month follow up, half of the patients with MDD remained depressed or relapsed. Half of those with minor depression remitted and 42% developed MDD.
Frasure-Smith, et al., Psychosom Med 1999 [4]	896 patients	290 of the patients (about 32%) had a BDI score of 10 or higher which signifies mild depression.
Ziegelstein, JAMA 2001 [5]		Approximately 17% of patients experience MDD.
Lauzon, et al., Can Med Assoc J 2003 [8]	550 patients	35% of patients who had acute MI after hospitalization had mild depression.
Bush, et al., Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence Report 2005	3 clinical studies in depressed vs. nondepressed patients.	Most patients that have depression in the initial MI hospitalization still have depression 1 to 4 months later.
Horne, et al., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013 [16]	436 patients	Patients completed the patient health questionnaire while waiting for cardiac surgery and on the day of their discharge from the hospital. It was found that there was an increase in depression from 23.6% to 37.7%. New depression at discharge was 29.2%.
Okamoto et al., Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2013 [17]	128 patients (49 who had aortic surgery and 79 who had coronary artery bypass)	Of the 49 patients that underwent thoracic aortic surgery, 28% had depression and of the 79 patients that underwent CABG, 20% had depression.
Faria, et al., Rev Port Cir Cardiotorac Vasc 2014 [14]	52 patients	The patients had no previous history of depression, and it was found that 21 had mild depression and 6 had severe depression following elective open-heart valve surgery.
Feng, et al., Medicine 2016 [7]	1396 patients with MI and 13960 patients without MI	Patients with acute MI had a higher risk of depressive disorders (adjusted Hazard Ratio =  7.23).
Açıkel, Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2019 [12]	65 patients	Depression levels on BDI jumped from 8.1 ± 5.4 before CABG surgery to 12.4 ± 6.4 three days after the surgery.
Wegermann, et al., J Am Heart Assoc 2022 [15]	990 patients	Patients that underwent surgical aortic valve replacement had a higher chance of anxiety and/or depression at 3 months (12.4% versus 8.8%), 6 months (15.6% versus 13%), and 1 year (20.1% versus 19.3%) after the surgery than those who did not undergo the surgery.