Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of studied population.

Clinical characteristics	CACS = 0 (n = 681)	CACS $>$0 (n = 847)	p value
Age (Years)	51.02 $\pm$ 10.06	59.67 $\pm$ 11.25	0.001
Male gender (%)	455 (66.81%)	654 (77.21%)	0.001
Hypertension (%)	411 (60.37%)	622 (73.38%)	0.001
Diabetes (%)	127 (18.66%)	307 (36.25%)	0.001
Smoking history (%)	273 (40.05%)	424 (50.11%)	0.001
Current smoking (%)	183 (26.85%)	263 (31.01%)	0.125
Alcohol consumption history (%)	195 (28.67%)	332 (39.21%)	0.001
Current alcohol consumption (%)	159 (23.33%)	246 (29.03%)	0.026
Aspirin (%)	117 (17.20%)	263 (31.03%)	0.001
Statins (%)	129 (19.01%)	325 (38.32%)	0.001
eGFR (mL/(min × 1.73 m2))	95.31 $\pm$ 15.95	89.51 $\pm$ 16.66	0.001
apoA1 (g/L)	1.43 $\pm$ 0.29	1.39 $\pm$ 0.30	0.011
Free fatty acid (mmol/L)	0.48 $\pm$ 0.22	0.52 $\pm$ 0.23	0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.72 $\pm$ 1.09	4.53 $\pm$ 1.20	0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.79 $\pm$ 0.84	2.70 $\pm$ 1.00	0.057
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.26 $\pm$ 0.37	1.22 $\pm$ 0.34	0.062
Height (cm)	169.58 $\pm$ 8.70	170.03 $\pm$ 7.76	0.298
Weight (kg)	75.62 $\pm$ 14.33	75.64 $\pm$ 12.92	0.971
Glycohemoglobin (%)	5.66 (5.40, 6.00)	5.90 (5.60, 6.60)	0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.48 (1.04, 2.23)	1.44 (1.03, 2.18)	0.327
Blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.28 (4.85, 5.90)	5.63 (5.08, 6.81)	0.001

Continuous variables that followed normal distributions were reported as mean $\pm$ standard deviation and were tested for inter-group differences via t tests whereas those that did not follow normal distributions were reported as median (1st quartile, 3rd quartile) and were tested for inter-group differences via Wilcoxon sum-of-rank test. For categorical variables, frequency (proportion) were used for reporting while Chi-square tests were employed to test the significances of inter-group differences. To tackle missing data, the results generated on each imputed dataset were pooled via Rubin’s rule if the variable to be pooled followed a t distribution or was demonstrated to have asymptotic normality. If the variable to be pooled followed a Chi-square distribution, the D2 method was employed to pool the results.

Abbreviations: apoA1, apolipoprotein A1; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; CACS, coronary artery calcification score. “Aspirin” and “Statins” refer to usage of the medications.