Table 2. Risk of Treatment Failure and Other Clinical Outcomes in the Propensity Score-Matched Cohort.
| Outcomesa | No. (%) of encounters | Risk difference (95% CI), percentage points | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 40 454) | Antibiotics not dispensed (n = 20 277) | Antibiotics dispensed (n = 20 277) | ||
| Treatment failure | 3933 (9.7) | 2167 (10.7) | 1766 (8.7) | 1.98 (1.41 to 2.56) |
| Hospitalization with a diagnosis of pneumonia | 359 (0.9) | 226 (1.1) | 133 (0.7) | 0.46 (0.28 to 0.64) |
| Visits to urgent care or the ED with a diagnosis of pneumonia | 712 (1.8) | 353 (1.7) | 359 (1.8) | −0.03 (−0.28 to 0.22) |
| Antibiotic fill with same-day ambulatory visitb | 3205 (7.9) | 1783 (8.8) | 1422 (7.0) | 1.78 (1.26 to 2.31) |
| Complicated pneumonia | 45 (0.1) | 33 (0.2) | 12 (0.1) | 0.10 (0.04 to 0.17) |
| Severe outcomec | 363 (0.9) | 230 (1.1) | 133 (0.7) | 0.48 (0.30 to 0.66) |
| Other outcomes | ||||
| All-cause hospitalizations | 519 (1.3) | 344 (1.7) | 175 (0.9) | 0.84 (0.62 to 1.06) |
| All-cause visits to urgent care or the ED | 2922 (7.2) | 1510 (7.4) | 1412 (7.0) | 0.48 (−0.02 to 0.99) |
| Any antibiotic fill | 6068 (15.0) | 4174 (20.6) | 1894 (9.3) | 11.27 (10.58 to 11.96) |
Abbreviation: ED, emergency department.
a
Outcomes were measured during the 2 to 14 days after the index visit.
b
Ambulatory visits included visits to offices, urgent care centers, or emergency departments.
c
Severe outcomes included hospitalization for pneumonia or a diagnosis of complicated pneumonia.