Figure 1.

Effect of ubiquitination imbalance on osteosarcoma cells and its clinical application. Aberrant expression of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes within the ubiquitin-proteasome system, as well as deubiquitinases, can disrupt ubiquitination and deubiquitination pathways, contributing to the malignant phenotypes of osteosarcoma cells, including proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis. By investigating the impact of these ubiquitin modification dysregulations on osteosarcoma, researchers have made significant strides in evaluating tumor prognosis, overcoming drug resistance, and inhibiting tumor progression. Together, these findings promote the development of osteosarcoma treatment, such as judging the prognosis of osteosarcoma, overcoming drug resistance, and inhibiting tumor occurrence. As illustrated in the figure, corresponding solid and dashed lines at the upstream and downstream of the signaling pathway indicate consistent activation or inhibition, respectively. The red line signifies a distinct process. Upon activation of the signaling pathway, expression or interaction of a downstream ubiquitin ligase is induced, subsequently influencing tumorigenesis. This effect is independent of the illustrated upstream signaling events.