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. 2024 Oct 30;132(10):107009. doi: 10.1289/EHP14418

Figure 5.

Figure 5 depicts a tabular representation with four main columns: Cognitive Domains, Mixture Modeling, Grouped Mixture Modeling Based on Source Factors, and Linear Regressions with Source Factor Contributions. The Mixture Modeling column is subdivided into one column: Single WQS (15 PM2.5 components). The Grouped Mixture Modeling Based on Source Factors column is subdivided into one column: Grouped WQS (PM2.5 components grouped on source factor loadings). The Linear Regressions with Source Factor Contributions column is subdivided into six columns reflecting PMF Source Contribution Regressions for each of the Source Factors. The cognitive domains include the following: general cognitive capacity, learning and memory, and executive function. The table indicates the positive and negative associations observed.

Visual synthesis of results using WQS, grouped WQS, and linear regression to quantify the associations between PM2.5 components, the six identified source factors, and neurocognitive outcomes in 9- to 10-year-old participants from the ABCD Study cohort (n=8,589) from 2016 to 2018. Created with Biorender.com. Numeric data for Figure 5 can be found in Excel Tables S7. Note: Br, bromine; Ca, calcium; Cu, copper; EC, elemental carbon; Fe, iron; K, potassium; NH4+, ammonium; Ni, nickel; NO3−, nitrate; OC, organic carbon; Pb, lead; PM, particulate matter; PMF, positive matrix factorization; Si, silicon; SO42−, sulfate; V, vanadium; WQS, weighted quantile sum; Zn, zinc. Due to unavailable source contribution data for one participant, regression models reflect n=8,588.