Table 5.

Associations between each ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ source factor and cognitive outcome in 9- to 10-year-old participants from the ABCD Study cohort ($n=\mathrm{8,588}$), 2016–2018.

	General cognitive ability			Learning & memory			Executive function
$\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{M}}_{2.5}$ source factor	$b$	Standard error	$p$-Value	$b$	Standard error	$p$-Value	$b$	Standard error	$p$-Value
Crustal	$-2.66\times {10}^{-2}$	$2.67\times {10}^{-2}$	0.3202	$-2.66\times {10}^{-2}$	$2.70\times {10}^{-2}$	0.8947	$-5.67\times {10}^{-2}$	$2.98\times {10}^{-2}$	0.0570
Ammonium sulfates	$6.19\times {10}^{-3}$	$4.61\times {10}^{-2}$	0.8932	$6.19\times {10}^{-3}$	$4.65\times {10}^{-2}$	0.1459	$1.16\times {10}^{-1}$	$5.14\times {10}^{-2}$	0.0237
Biomass burning	$-8.65\times {10}^{-3}$	$4.90\times {10}^{-2}$	0.8599	$-8.65\times {10}^{-3}$	$4.95\times {10}^{-2}$	0.6586	$2.92\times {10}^{-2}$	$5.47\times {10}^{-2}$	0.5937
Traffic	$1.31\times {10}^{-2}$	$2.69\times {10}^{-2}$	0.6272	$1.31\times {10}^{-2}$	$2.72\times {10}^{-2}$	0.2193	$-6.00\times {10}^{-2}$	$3.00\times {10}^{-2}$	0.0458
Ammonium nitrates	$-5.11\times {10}^{-2}$	$3.39\times {10}^{-2}$	0.1324	$-5.11\times 10^{-2}$	$3.42\times 10^{-2}$	0.0002*	$2.04\times {10}^{-3}$	$3.79\times {10}^{-2}$	0.9570
Industrial	$7.65\times {10}^{-3}$	$3.75\times {10}^{-2}$	0.8381	$7.65\times {10}^{-3}$	$3.78\times {10}^{-2}$	0.5484	$-3.84\times {10}^{-2}$	$4.18\times {10}^{-2}$	0.3575

Note: Linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, overall household income, neighborhood safety, urbanicity, physical activity, daily screentime average hours, and site. Estimates include unstandardized beta coefficients (b), standard errors, and $p$-values. Asterisk sign(*) reflected models passing Bonferroni correction ($p\le 0.008$). ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter $\le 2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$.