Table 2. Odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals of early marriage with individual-, household-, and community-level factors among married women in Bangladesh: Multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression analysis.
| Variables | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women’s age | |||||
| 18–24 years | 1.32 [1.19,1.48] ** | 1.24 [1.10, 1.40] ** | |||
| 25–34 years | 0.94 [0.86, 1.03] | 0.89 [0.80,0.98] * | |||
| 35–49 years [ref] | |||||
| Women’s education | |||||
| No education [ref] | |||||
| Primary | 0.76 [0.66, 0.87] ** | 0.74 [0.65, 0.86] ** | |||
| Secondary | 0.57 [0.49, 0.67] ** | 0.56 [0.48,0.65] ** | |||
| Higher | 0.10 [0.08,0.12] ** | 0.10 [0.08, 0.12] ** | |||
| Husband’s education | |||||
| No education [ref] | |||||
| Primary | 0.85 [0.75, 0.96] ** | 0.83 [0.74, 0.94] ** | |||
| Secondary | 0.74 [0.65, 0.84] ** | 0.74 [0.65, 0.84] ** | |||
| Higher | 0.58 [0.49, 0.68] ** | 0.57 [0.48, 0.67] ** | |||
| Husband’s occupation | |||||
| Services [ref] | |||||
| Agriculture | 1.30 [1.13, 1.50] ** | 1.22 [1.06, 1.41] ** | |||
| Manual labor | 1.09 [0.96, 1.24] | 1.07 [0.94, 1.22] | |||
| Business | 1.10 [0.95, 1.26] | 1.10 [0.95, 1.26] | |||
| Others | 0.93 [0.78, 1.11] | 0.94 [0.79, 1.12] | |||
| Wealth index | |||||
| Poor | 2.38 [2.17, 2.62] ** | 0.99 [0.88, 1.11] | |||
| Middle | 1.96 [1.76, 2.17] ** | 1.14 [1.02, 1.28] * | |||
| Rich [ref] | |||||
| Sex of HH | |||||
| Male [ref] | |||||
| Female | 1.01 [0.90, 1.13] | 1.03 [0.92, 1.17] | |||
| Age of HH | |||||
| ≤35 years [ref] | |||||
| 36–55 years | 0.92 [0.84, 1.00] | 0.84 [0.76, 0.93] ** | |||
| >55 years | 0.79 [0.71, 0.88] ** | 0.78 [0.69, 0.88] ** | |||
| Family size | |||||
| 4 or less [ref] | |||||
| 5 or more | 1.12 [1.04, 1.21] ** | 1.21 [1.11, 1.31] ** | |||
| Religion | |||||
| Muslim [ref] | |||||
| Non-Muslim | 0.46 [0.41, 0.53] ** | 0.46 [0.40, 0.52] ** | |||
| Place of residence | |||||
| Urban [ref] | |||||
| Rural | 1.73 [1.55, 1.94] ** | 1.17 [1.04, 1.30] ** | |||
| Division | |||||
| Barisal [ref] | |||||
| Chittagong | 0.69 [0.56, 0.86] ** | 0.60 [0.49, 0.73] ** | |||
| Dhaka | 0.79 [0.64, 0.98] * | 0.67 [0.55, 0.81] ** | |||
| Khulna | 1.19 [0.95, 1.49] | 1.18 [0.96, 1.46] | |||
| Mymensingh | 0.95 [0.76, 1.20] | 0.84 [0.68, 1.03] | |||
| Rajshahi | 1.38 [1.10, 1.72] ** | 1.27 [1.03, 1.57] * | |||
| Rangpur | 1.31 [1.04, 1.64] * | 1.29 [1.05, 1.60] * | |||
| Sylhet | 0.35 [0.28, 0.44] ** | 0.24 [0.19, 0.29] ** | |||
| Random effects | |||||
| Cluster-level variance | 0.59 [0.50, 0.69] | 0.50 [0.43, 0.59] | 0.44 [0.37, 0.52] | 0.27 [0.22, 0.33] | 0.16 [0.12, 0.21] |
| Intra-class correlation | 15.16% | 13.23% | 11.86% | 7.63% | 4.59% |
| Goodness of fit | |||||
| AIC | 20372.67 | 18152.22 | 20002.72 | 19999.84 | 17680.32 |
| BIC | 20388.29 | 18261.54 | 20065.19 | 20085.73 | 17906.76 |
Note:
** p < .01
* p<a.05.
Model 0: Null model.
Model 1: Adjusted for individual-level factors such as women’s age and education, husband’s education and occupation.
Model 2: Adjusted for household-level factors such as wealth index, sex and age of HH head, and family size.
Model 3: Adjusted for community-level factors such as religion, place of residence, and division.
Model 4: Adjusted for individual-, household-, and community-level factors.
AIC: Akaike’s information criterion.
BIC: Bayesian information criterion.
HH: Household head.
Ref: Reference category.